Catalytic removal of phenol from aqueous phase using oxygen or air as oxidant

Wet air oxidation of phenol using active carbon as catalyst

“…between 17 and 37. In accordance with previous results reported for similar reaction conditions, trials presuming zero order [32] or ®rst order [3,5] of reaction with respect to the phenol concentration were done. For each reaction order, the differential phenol mass balance in the reactor was integrated.…”

Use of Pillared Clay-Based Catalysts for Wastewater Treatment Through Fenton-Like Processes

“…The first step represents the formation of intermediate ring compounds, namely, catechol, hydroquinone, and benzoquinones, whereas the subsequent stage corresponds to the cleavage of intermediates and the formation of carboxylic acids. This scheme is in line with the conclusion of Fortuny et al [61], except that the possibility of direct decomposition of phenol to inorganic carbon during the ring-opening reaction is also taken into account by Guo and Al-Dahhan [35]. Reprinted from [35], with permission from American Chemical Society…”

Carbon materials and catalytic wet air oxidation of organic pollutants in wastewater

“…The model was successfully tested with a CuO/c-Al 2 O 3 catalyst [236]. However, this catalyst was shown to undergo important catalyst leaching [52] and thus cannot be recommended for catalytic oxidation treatment of phenolic wastewater. An attractive substitute offers the CI activated carbon that gave even better catalytic activity than the copperbased catalyst.…”

“…Based on the pioneer work of Devlin and Harris [207] on phenol WAO, detailed oxidation pathways of pure phenol [64,65,79,119,122,125,160,[208][209][210][211], phenolic compounds [64,124,212] and carboxylic acids [72,122,125,127,130] were experimentally assessed for different catalysts including activated carbon [79,160] and activated carbon supported Ru, Pt, Pd metals [119,122,125,127,130,211]. The distribution of partial oxidation products obtained in phenol CWAO essentially involved the same species as those found by Devlin and Harris.…”

“…The lack of stable catalysts has prevented CWAO from being widely employed as industrial wastewater treatment. The most prominent supported catalysts prone to metal leaching in the hot acidic reaction environment are Cu based metal oxides [52][53][54][55][56] and mixed metal oxides (CuO, ZnO, CoO) [57,58]. Expensive supported noble metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Ag) appear much more stable, although leaching was occasionally observed, e.g.…”