Catalytic studies of lipase on FAME production from waste cooking palm oil in a tert-butanol system

Immobilization of Pseudomonas stutzeri Lipase for the Transesterification of Wood Sterols with Fatty Acid Esters

“…Hexane has been extensively used as a suitable exogenous solvent in lipase transesterification reactions [19,20], but product inhibition cannot be alleviated when using hydrophobic organic solvents. Methanol is an inhibitory by-product that is poorly soluble in the mixture of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and nhexane [21], so that the use of moderately polar solvents, like tert-butanol may reduce product inhibition by dissolving out the methanol produced in the reactions of transesterification [22].…”

Moving towards a Competitive Fully Enzymatic Biodiesel Process

“…Thus, the FFAs content in oil feedstocks should be as low as possible (less than 0.5%-2.0% wt) in alkaline-catalyzed transesterification reactions [59]. In contrast, enzyme catalysis is usually insensitive to high FFAs concentrations [60] as they can also be used as substrates and converted into fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs) through esterification reactions [61]. In this case, the enzyme-catalyzed esterification rate and yield depends on the lipase employed [62].…”

Comparison of Novozyme 435 and Purolite D5081 as heterogeneous catalysts for the pretreatment of used cooking oil for biodiesel production

“…Acid catalysts can also be used for transesterification, however, the reaction rate is much slower [10]. and UCO [18][19][20] and it was found that high conversion rates were possible with stepwise addition of methanol and long reaction times. Hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids followed by the esterification of fatty acids to biodiesel has been investigated to make use of raw materials which contain a mixture of fatty acids and triglycerides such as crude palm oil, acid oil by-product and UCO [21][22][23].…”