Catalytic Transesterification of Coconut Oil in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Ahmad, Aisyah Fathiah; Zulkurnain, Nursyamimi; Rosid, Salmiah Jamal Mat; Azid, Azman; Endut, Azizah; Toemen, Susilawati; Ismail, Salwani; Abdullah, Wan Nazwanie Wan; Aziz, Siti Maisarah; Yusoff, Nurulhuda Mohammed; Rosid, Sarina Mat; Nasir, Nur Atiqah

doi:10.1007/s10563-022-09358-8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Biodiesel has gained significant attention as an alternative to fossil fuels due to its renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly properties. Biodiesel offers several advantages, including comparable calorific value to fossil fuels, low toxic emissions, absence of sulfur and toxins, and high flash point and cetane number [93][94][95][96].…”

Section: Sources Of Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lauric Acid from the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Its Potential Applications

et al. 2023

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Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are currently being developed as bioconversion agents for organic waste treatment. The resulting larvae or prepupae have a high protein and lipid content, primarily used as feed for fish, poultry, and other animals. The lipid content of BSF larvae/prepupae is influenced by the feed for growth and can reach up to 57.8%. BSF lipids mainly consist of medium-chain saturated fatty acids, with lauric acid (LA) being the dominant component. The LA content in BSF larvae/prepupae can be enhanced by incorporating or utilizing substrates containing highly digestible carbohydrates for larval growth. The LA content can reach 76.13% in larvae reared on fruit waste. LA has been reported to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Moreover, it has applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, body care, soaps and detergents, plastics, and textiles. This review aims to investigate the LA content in BSF larvae and explore its potential applications, thereby establishing BSF larvae/prepupae as a novel source of LA for diverse fields.

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Section: Sources Of Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the personal care industry, it acts as an emulsifier for facial creams and lotions and as a base ingredient in the production of liquid and transparent soaps. LA can control the level of foam, add conditioning properties, and improve overall cleaning ability [93].…”

Section: Other Applications Of Lauric Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lauric Acid from the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Its Potential Applications

et al. 2023

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“…Besides, biodiesel production via transesterification methods can be conducted using various types of feedstocks that contain free fatty acids and/or triglycerides [6]. Various edible oil was used for biodiesel production, including canola oil [7][8], rapeseed oil [9], peanut oil [10], sunflower oil [11][12], coconut oil [13], palm oil [14][15], and safflower oil [16]. However, utilizing edible sources for biodiesel production led to ecological imbalances and deforestation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Production of Biodiesel from Candlenut Oil (<i>Aleurites moluccana</i> L.) Using Photocatalytic Method by Nano Sized-ZnO Photocatalytic Agent Synthesized via Polyol Method

Juwono,

Zakiyah,

Subagyo

et al. 2023

Indones. J. Chem.

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Biodiesel production from non-edible oil is an alternative way to reduce edible oil dependency and reduce the competition for feed and food. Candlenut oil (Aleurites moluccana L.) is one of the non-edible oils which can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production since they have a high oil content. Herein, the biodiesel production from candlenut oil has been conducted using zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesized by the polyol method. Polyol methods facilitated the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with various shapes, including spherical, rod, and hexagonal. Besides, ZnO showed a mesoporous characteristic, facilitating the conversion of fat fatty acid to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of 61%. Increasing ZnO dosage led to enhancing the FAME yield. Similarly, the FAME yield was also improved by increasing the reaction time. The results of esterification of candlenut oil and methanol yielded 70.76% FAME with 2% nano-ZnO polyol catalyst at 180 min reaction time at room temperature whilst being stirred constantly at 400 rpm. A good FAME conversion using ZnO at room temperature provides good information to produce biodiesel with a simple method. Apart from that, photocatalytic promoted transesterification at room temperature, which is beneficial for reducing energy consumption.

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“…A potential feedstock for biodiesel is the waste produced by the coconut milk processing industry. Due to its accessibility, low free fatty acid content, improved lubricity, and similar flash point to diesel, coconut oil has significant advantages for the biodiesel production [27,28]. The use of waste coconut oil is estimated to convert 70% yield and achieve up to 96.5% methyl ester [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MgO Nano-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Waste Coconut Oil and Fish Oil Using Response Surface Methodology and Grasshopper Optimization

et al. 2022

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In India, a densely populated country, fossil fuel depletion affects the energy sector that fulfils the industrial and human needs. Concerning greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants, and sustainability, there is a great demand to search for alternate feedstocks to produce alternate fuels at a low cost. The present work focuses on waste coconut and fish oil as potential inexpensive feedstock for biodiesel production. Two-stage transesterification processes for biodiesel production from hybrid oils mixed in a 1:1 volume ratio by employing solid nano-catalyst Magnesium Oxide (MgO). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of the physics of transesterification variables, such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio (M:O), MgO catalyst concentration (MgO CC), and reaction temperature (RT), on biodiesel yield, based on experimental data gathered in accordance with the matrices of central composite design (CCD). MgO CC showed the highest contribution, followed by M:O and RT, to maximize biodiesel yield. All interaction factors showed a significant effect except the M:O with RT. Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) determined optimal conditions (M:O: 10.65; MgO CC: 1.977 wt.%; RT: 80 °C) based on empirical equations, resulting in maximum biodiesel yield conversion experimentally equal to 96.8%. The physical stability of the MgO nano-catalyst and reactivity up to 5 successive cycles can yield 91.5% biodiesel yield, demonstrating its reusability for sustainable biodiesel production at low cost. The optimized biodiesel yield showed better physicochemical properties (tested according to ASTM D6751-15C) to use practically in diesel engines.

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Catalytic Transesterification of Coconut Oil in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 78 publications

Lauric Acid from the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Its Potential Applications

Lauric Acid from the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Its Potential Applications

Facile Production of Biodiesel from Candlenut Oil (<i>Aleurites moluccana</i> L.) Using Photocatalytic Method by Nano Sized-ZnO Photocatalytic Agent Synthesized via Polyol Method

MgO Nano-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Waste Coconut Oil and Fish Oil Using Response Surface Methodology and Grasshopper Optimization

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