Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Nano Metal Oxides: An Analytical Py-GC/MS Study

Lü, Qiang; Zhang, Zhifei; Chen, Dong; Zhu, Xun

doi:10.3390/en3111805

Cited by 270 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Nano metal oxides also exhibited good catalytic activity in bio-oil upgrading. For instance, nano MgO, CaO, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , NiO, and ZnO were used in catalytic cracking of poplar wood pyrolysis vapors in a pyrolysis tube [61]. The results indicated that CaO was the most effective catalyst in increasing the formation of hydrocarbons, reducing the production of anhydrosugars and phenols, and eliminating acids.…”

Section: Oxides Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The massive consumption of fossil fuels and associated environmental issues are leading to an increased interest in alternative resources such as biofuels. The renewable biofuels can be upgraded from bio-oils that are derived from biomass pyrolysis. Catalytic cracking and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) are two of the most promising bio-oil upgrading processes for biofuel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are essential for upgrading bio-oil into hydrocarbon biofuel. Although advances have been achieved, the deactivation and regeneration of catalysts still remains a challenge. This review focuses on the current progress and challenges of heterogeneous catalyst application, deactivation, and regeneration. The technologies of catalysts deactivation, reduction, and regeneration for improving catalyst activity and stability are discussed. Some suggestions for future research including catalyst mechanism, catalyst development, process integration, and biomass modification for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels are provided.

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Section: Oxides Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading

et al. 2016

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“…Depolymerization is the main process responsible for the decomposition of holocellulose during fast pyrolysis [56]. Qiang et al [55] reported that the depolymerization process results in the formation of various anhydrosugars (mainly levoglucosan), furans and other products, although the high content of CaO in the fuel reduces the formation of levoglucosan. The presence of calcium promotes glucose fragmentation instead of cellulose depolymerisation [56].…”

Section: Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mineral content in biomass also affects the quantity and quality of the products yields [53]. The literature suggests that high contents of monovalent potassium and divalent calcium in fuels are responsible for the lower organic volatile yield and may promote dehydration of holocellulose and demethoxylation of lignin units during pyrolysis [33,49,[52][53][54][55][56]. This is consistent with our findings, since Terminalia, which has the highest CaO content (41.7 wt.%) records the highest peak area % for lignin products especially for methoxy-phenols and phenols (see figure 11).…”

Section: Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Selected Nigerian Biomass for Combustion and Pyrolysis Applications

Akinrinola¹,

Darvell²,

Jones³

et al. 2014

Energy Fuels

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Biomass is the most utilised form of renewable energy, especially in developing nations, and is a possible replacement for fossil fuel in power generation. The most commonly used method for recovering energy from biomass is combustion. Many countries are exploring the utilisation of energy crops and indigenous residues to deliver sustainable sources of biomass. For these bioresources, detailed characterisation of the fuel properties is essential in order to optimise the combustion processes. In this study, some potential energy crops and woods from Nigeria, namely Terminalia superba, Gmelina arborea, Lophira alata, Nauclea diderrichii, and also one 2 abundant agricultural residue, palm kernel expellers (PKE) were characterised for their combustion properties. Standard characterisation methods such as proximate and ultimate analyses, metals analysis, and ash fusion test were used for this purpose and the results were compared to some UK biomass. In addition, their thermal conversion was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatographyÐmass spectrometry. Finally, combustion studies were conducted by suspending single biomass particles in a methane flame to obtain information on reactivities and combustion characteristics. Results indicate that the ash fractions in the Nigerian woods were low in K, Si, and Ca, resulting in low calculated alkali indices, hence these fuels are not predicted to cause severe fouling problems. Furthermore, the analysis of the evolved product during devolatilisation from Py-GC-MS suggests that the content of oil is high in Gmelina. Finally, the results from the single particle combustion experiments revealed longer char burn out rate for Lophira and Nauclea when compared with those of Terminalia and Gmelina.Keywords: biomass, torrefaction, energy, combustion, pyrolysis. Nigeria has large reserves of gas and solid minerals, and the largest oil reserves in Africa.Consequently the country has a very high dependence on crude oil, which contributes seedling nurseries, and plantation management [7]. Woods in the plantations include Gmelina, Terminalia, teak, eucalyptus, and pine. Tropical rain forest is the major source of timber supply and energy crops in Nigeria with high plant diversity of over 4,600 plant species. The forest covers 10% of the countryÕs land area with over 560 tree species at a range of about 30 to 70 species per hectare for trees ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) [8].Terminalia superba is a tree found in the tropical lowland forest in Nigeria. The tree is planted around April at the beginning of the rainy season, and thrives on rich, well-drained alluvial soils, although it can also be cultivated on other soil types namely lateritic sands, gravel and clays, lava, black basaltic clays and crystalline soils. The wood air dries rapidly, degrades slightly and is lightweight to medium-weight, with a density ranging from 370Ð730 kg/m³ at a moisture content of about 12% [9]. Once the wood is dried, it becomes stable. The chemical composition

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“…Lignin primarily consists of guaiacyl propane units, syringyl propane units, and phydroxyphenyl propane units, and it has a three-dimensional network structure (Huijgen et al 2014). A number of active functional groups, such as phenolic hydroxyl, alcoholic hydroxyl, methoxy, and carboxyl groups, leads to the high reactivity of lignin, which can be transported and converted to renewable fuels and valuable products (Lu et al 2010;Dickerson and Soria 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Alcell Lignin with Nano-NiO

Chen

Liu

2015

BioResources

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Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Alcell lignin with various additive ratios (5%, 10%, and 15%, mass ratio) of nano-NiO was investigated using a horizontal pyrolyzer. Characterization methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and elemental analysis, were utilized to identify the catalytic fast pyrolysis products. The results indicated that the nano-NiO catalyst had remarkable effects on the yield and quality of these products. The formation of gases, especially CO, CO2, and CH4, were greatly promoted when the additive ratio increased, while the formation of bio-char was clearly inhibited. However, when the additive ratio was 10%, the maximum yield of bio-oil (53.09 wt.%) was obtained, and the corresponding maximum higher heating value (HHV) was 25.33 MJ/kg. Furthermore, nano-NiO caused a large variation in the species of the compounds in bio-oil. Operating with the optimal nano-NiO additive ratio (10%), the carbon conversion rate was 65.50%, and the energy conversion rate was 74.53%.

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Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Vapors with Nano Metal Oxides: An Analytical Py-GC/MS Study

Cited by 270 publications

References 37 publications

Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading

Application, Deactivation, and Regeneration of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading

Characterization of Selected Nigerian Biomass for Combustion and Pyrolysis Applications

Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Alcell Lignin with Nano-NiO

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