Catalytic upgrading of citric acid to environmental friendly tri-butyl citrate plasticizer over ultra stable phosphonated Y zeolite

Sustainable Catalytic Process for Synthesis of Triethyl Citrate Plasticizer over Phosphonated USY Zeolite

“…The procedure reported in the literature was used to synthesize the phosphonated USY catalysts [6]. Typically, 60.0 g of USY catalyst was taken into a 1000 mL round bottom flask and then 600 mL of a 0.37% H3PO4 solution in water was added.…”

“…Tao reported TEC synthesis over p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst [5]. Our previous publications involve synthesis of TEC over M-HZ-50.6 catalyst [3] and tributyl citrate (TBC) synthesis over ultra stable phosphonated Y zeolite [6]. Xu et al reported TBC synthesis over acid ionic liquid [9] and solid acid catalysts [10].…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, only few reports are available on synthesis of TEC from CA [1][2][3][4][5]. We previously reported synthesis of TEC [3] and TBC [6] over modified H-ZSM-5 and phosphonated USY zeolite, respectively.…”

“…The plasticizers market is globally rising, as estimated by latest statistical data at about 5 billion kg per year of which, 1.1 billion kg is shared by the United States (U.S.) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Kolah et al reported a continuous reactive distillation process for TEC synthesis [1,2].…”

“…Xu et al reported TBC synthesis over acid ionic liquid [9] and solid acid catalysts [10]. Citrate esters such as TEC and TBC are extensively applied as non-toxic plasticizers in toys, printing ink, coatings, medical products, biodegradable polymers food additive and cosmetics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”