“…The biochemical route was supplanted by cost-efficient chemical synthesis of 1-butanol from petrochemical-derived propene via hydroformylation, but the need for sustainable liquid transportation fuels has renewed interest in biochemical approaches to the synthesis of 1-butanol . New microbial strains, as well as innovation in the fermentation setup, have significantly improved the productivity of microbial 1-butanol synthesis, but isolation of low concentrations of the alcohol from aqueous solution is both costly and energy intensive. ,,, Heterogeneous catalysts for ethanol upgrading generally require reaction temperatures of 250 °C or more to achieve suitable reaction rates, but the reduced activity is offset by the low price and recyclability of the catalyst in many of these systems. − While the lack of base promoter prevents the formation of sodium acetate, other side products, such as higher alcohols, CO, alkenes, or ethyl acetate, are commonly formed alongside the desired 1-butanol product. Recently developed homogeneous ruthenium, iridium, and manganese catalysts for the Guerbet reaction of fermentation-derived ethanol can achieve high turnover numbers and high selectivity among liquid products for the formation of 1-butanol at moderate conversions. − Use of base promoters, such as NaOEt, commonly result in the formation of sodium acetate alongside the desired 1-butanol product, but high catalyst activity can be achieved at temperatures at or below 160 °C.…”