Catalytic upgrading of vegetable oils into jet fuels range hydrocarbons using heterogeneous catalysts: A review

Fatty Acid Deoxygenation in Supercritical Hexane over Catalysts Synthesized Hydrothermally for Biodiesel Production

“…As natural triglycerides mainly include the acyls with an even number of carbon atoms, the major products are n-tridecane, n-pentadecane, and n-heptadecane [8,15,16]. This process consists of oxygen removal from fatty acid molecules under sufficiently harsh conditions in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts such as sulfided Ni-Mo/Al 2 O 3 [17], Co-Mo/Al 2 O 3 [17], and supported Ni [7,18,19], Pt [20], and Pd [6,21,22]. Deoxygenation involves the following reactions: decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation [13,16,23,24].…”

“…Deoxygenation involves the following reactions: decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation [13,16,23,24]. Analysis of the literature data showed that Ni-and Pd-containing catalysts have the highest activity in the deoxygenation process and allow n-heptadecane to be produced in high yield [6,7,[18][19][20][21][22]. However, deoxygenation requires the use of high temperatures (up to 400°C) and pressures.…”

“…However, deoxygenation requires the use of high temperatures (up to 400°C) and pressures. Moreover, to obtain the final product with high quality, deoxygenation is performed in the presence of 5-100 vol % molecular hydrogen [1,[6][7][8][17][18][19][20][21][22]. This affects the process feasibility and increases the cost of the resulting fuel.…”

Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids, Triglycerides, and Ketones to Liquid Alkanes by a Pt–MoOx/TiO2 Catalyst

“…Catalytic hydrogenation of biomass-derived oxygenates to liquid alkanes has attracted much attention in view of the high potentialf or biomass conversion to fuels. [1][2][3][4][5] Triglycerides and fatty acids from microalgae and jatropha are considered as promising candidates for renewable resources from biofuels. Hydrogenation of triglycerides and fatty acids reduces their high oxygen content and produces higher alkaness uitable as diesel fuel.…”

Hydrogen‐Economic Synthesis of Gasoline‐like Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Hydrodecarboxylation of the Biomass‐derived Angelica Lactone Dimer

“…An alternative approachi st op erform hydrodecarboxylation (HDC), which includes ah ydrogen atmosphere to saturate any olefinicb onds present in the feed or that arise in the course of the decarboxylation process. [12] The reaction also succeeds with fatty acid esters. [13] Although generally appliedt ou nsaturated fatty acids, HDC was seen as particularly suitable for 3, which not only starts with aC =Cb ond but can also generate two more on openingo ft he lactone rings.…”