Catalytically transformed low energy intensive 2D-layered and single crystal-graphitic renewable carbon cathode conductors

Semeniuk, Maria; Sarshar, Zahra; Gezahegn, Sossina; Li, Zhishan; Egbedina, Abisola Opeyemi; Tjong, Jimi; Oksman, Kristiina; Chin, Ya-Huei Cathy; Sain, Mohini

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.06.086

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The former reflects defects and disorder in the carbon lattice, whereas the latter stems from the vibration modes of the sp 2 -hybridized carbons. , Since the bands were not well resolved, the carbon was assumed to contain defects and may derive from the activating agent which introduces pores and oxygen functional groups . A broad and weak 2D band centered at 2767 cm –1 was also identified and assigned to the graphitic-like structure. , In addition, PC-6-700 was also found to contain an intermediate oxygen content among the series of prepared materials, as determined by combustion elemental analysis (Table S1), which may be beneficial to the electrochemical properties by balancing carbon wettability with ion transport. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…55 A broad and weak 2D band centered at 2767 cm −1 was also identified and assigned to the graphitic-like structure. 56,57 In addition, PC-6-700 was also found to contain an intermediate oxygen content among the series of prepared materials, as determined by combustion elemental analysis (Table S1), which may be beneficial to the electrochemical properties by balancing carbon wettability with ion transport. 58−62 To explore the electrochemical performance exhibited by the PCs, symmetric supercapacitors were fabricated and tested; key data are shown in Figure 6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agarose-Based Hierarchical Porous Carbons Prepared with Gas-Generating Activators and Used in High-Power Density Supercapacitors

et al. 2021

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Due to their high surface areas and large pore volumes, porous carbons (PCs) are valuable materials for use as electrodes in energy storage and conversion devices. Biomass is an ideal precursor for the preparation of PCs in part because it is sustainable and eco-friendly. Herein, new methodology for converting agarose, a naturally occurring type of biomass that forms robust hydrogels, into PCs with tunable pore structures and high electrochemical performance is described. The synthetic process is straightforward and entails heating a gel that is composed of agarose and potassium oxalate (K 2 C 2 O 4 ). Since the salt transforms into gaseous byproducts at elevated temperatures, the decomposition process was harnessed to create activated, open pores as the hydrogel underwent carbonization. For example, a PC with a surface area of 1754.9 m 2 g −1 and a pore volume of 2.643 cm 3 g −1 was obtained by heating a mixture of agarose and K 2 C 2 O 4 in a 1:3 weight ratio at 700 °C. The material was subsequently used as the electrode material in a supercapacitor and found to display a specific capacitance of 166.0 F g −1 at 0.125 A g −1 . Varying the quantity of added K 2 C 2 O 4 resulted in predictable changes in porosity and thus offered a means to tune the textural properties and the electrochemical performance of the PCs. For example, changing the feed ratio of agarose to K 2 C 2 O 4 to 1:6 afforded a PC that exhibited a high persistent specific capacitance (64.1 F g −1 at 5 A g −1 after 10,000 cycles) and a high-power density (20 kW kg −1 at 10 A g −1 ).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agarose-Based Hierarchical Porous Carbons Prepared with Gas-Generating Activators and Used in High-Power Density Supercapacitors

et al. 2021

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“…Graphite is normally produced at very high temperatures in the range of 3000 °C or through high-stress graphitization of carbon-rich resources over high temperatures. 42 However, this is an expensive and also a complex process that requires optimization of different operating parameters. In addition, produced graphite has low quality including poor porosity, low surface area, and pore volume, which could be associated with the absence of surface activations.…”

Section: Catalysts In Co-pyrolysis and Synthesis Of Graphitic Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metals such as Mg, Fe, Co, Ti, Mn, and Ni have been used as catalysts to reduce the graphitizing temperature during pyrolysis of different feedstock materials, while at the same time improving the quality of the graphitic char by increasing the carbon content in the final product. 42 The transition metals not only reduce the temperature by which graphene is evolved but also improve the quality of the graphitic char such as the porosity, surface area, and conductivity of the char.…”

Section: Catalysts In Co-pyrolysis and Synthesis Of Graphitic Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upcycling of Plastic Wastes and Biomass for Sustainable Graphitic Carbon Production: A Critical Review

2022

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Upcycling of waste plastics diverts plastics from landfill, which helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Graphitic carbon is an interesting material with a wide range of applications in electronics, energy storage, fuel cells, and even as advanced fillers for polymer composites. It is a very strong and highly conductive material consisting of weakly bound graphene layers arranged in a hexagonal structure. There are different ways of synthesizing graphitic carbons, of which the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes is a promising approach for large-scale production. Highly graphitized carbon with surface areas in the range of 201 m2/g was produced from the co-pyrolysis of polyethylene and pinewood at 600 °C. Similarly, porous carbon having a superior discharge capacity (290 mAh/g) was developed from the co-pyrolysis of sugar cane and plastic polymers with catalysts. The addition of plastic wastes including polyethylene and high-density polyethylene to the pyrolysis of biomass tends to increase the surface area and improve the discharge capacity of the produced graphitic carbons. Likewise, temperature plays an important role in enhancing the carbon content and thereby the quality of the graphitic carbon during the co-pyrolysis process. The application of metal catalysts can reduce the graphitization temperature while at the same time improve the quality of the graphitic carbon by increasing the carbon contents. This work reports some typical graphitic carbon preparation methods from the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes for the first time including thermochemical methods, exfoliation methods, template-based production methods, and salt-based methods. The factors affecting the graphitic char quality during the conversion processes are reviewed critically. Moreover, the current state-of-the-art characterization technologies such as Raman, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are discussed in detail, and finally, an overview on the applications, scalability, and future trends of graphitic-like carbons is highlighted.

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“…The conversion temperature of amorphous carbonaceous materials to graphitic carbon can be reduced to less than 800°C ( Jiang et al, 2021b ; Lam et al, 2021 ; Yang L et al, 2021 ). A variety of transition metal catalysts are commonly used, including Ni ( Yang L et al, 2021 ), Co ( Liu T et al, 2020 ), and Fe ( Semeniuk et al, 2021 ). The carbon source is pyrolyzed after mixing and impregnating transition metal salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel Acetate-Assisted Graphitization of Porous Activated Carbon at Low Temperature for Supercapacitors With High Performances

Zhang

Qiu

et al. 2022

Front. Chem.

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Catalytic graphitization opens a route to prepare graphitic carbon under fairly mild conditions. Biomass has been identified as a potentially attractive precursor for graphitic carbon materials. In this work, corn starch was used as carbon source to prepare hollow graphitic carbon microspheres by pyrolysis after mixing impregnation with nitrate salts, and the surface of these carbon microspheres is covered with controllable pores structure. Under optimal synthesis conditions, the prepared carbon microspheres show a uniform pore size distribution and high degree of graphitization. When tested as electrode materials for supercapacitor with organic electrolyte, the electrode exhibited a superior specific capacitance of 144.8 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, as well as large power density and a capacitance retention rate of 93.5% after 1,000 cycles in galvanostatic charge/discharge test at 1.0 A g−1. The synthesis extends use of the renewable nature resources and sheds light on developing new routes to design graphitic carbon microspheres.

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Catalytically transformed low energy intensive 2D-layered and single crystal-graphitic renewable carbon cathode conductors

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Agarose-Based Hierarchical Porous Carbons Prepared with Gas-Generating Activators and Used in High-Power Density Supercapacitors

Agarose-Based Hierarchical Porous Carbons Prepared with Gas-Generating Activators and Used in High-Power Density Supercapacitors

Upcycling of Plastic Wastes and Biomass for Sustainable Graphitic Carbon Production: A Critical Review

Nickel Acetate-Assisted Graphitization of Porous Activated Carbon at Low Temperature for Supercapacitors With High Performances

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