Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa

Walsh, Peter; Abernethy, Katharine; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, René; Wachter, Pauwel De; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, A. Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally; Latour, Stefanie; Maisels, Fiona; Mbina, Chrisitian; Mihindou, Yves; Obiang, Sosthéne Ndong; Effa, Ernestine Ntsame; Starkey, Malcolm; Telfer, Paul; Thibault, Marc; Tutin, Caroline E. G.; White, Lee; Wilkie, David

doi:10.1038/nature01566

Cited by 539 publications

(395 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…5). In addition to being important human pathogens, filoviruses have devastated great ape populations in the Congo basin, further harming an already endangered species 6,7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

111

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| The filoviruses -Ebola virus and Marburg virus -cause lethal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Filoviruses present a global health threat both as naturally acquired diseases and as potential agents of bioterrorism. In the recent 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus, the most promising therapies for post-exposure use with demonstrated efficacy in the gold-standard NHP models of filovirus disease were unable to show statistically significant protection in patients infected with Ebola virus. This Review briefly discusses these failures and what has been learned from these experiences, and summarizes the current status of post-exposure medical countermeasures in development, including antibodies, small interfering RNA and small molecules. We outline how our current knowledge could be applied to the identification of novel interventions and ways to use interventions more effectively. R E V I E W SNATURE REVIEWS | DRUG DISCOVERY VOLUME 17 | JUNE 2018 | 413 © 2 0 1 8 M a c m i l l a n P u b l i s h e r s L i m i t e d , p a r t o f S p r i n g e r N a t u r e . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . AstheniaMuscular weakness. MyalgiaMuscular pain. ArthralgiaJoint pain. LeukopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. LymphocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating leukocytes, including natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. ThrombocytopeniaA condition of having a low number of circulating thrombocytes, also known as platelets.and Ebolavirus. The Marburgvirus genus contains a single species, Marburg marburgvirus, which contains two members, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). The Ebolavirus genus consists of five distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV; previously termed 'Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus' but more commonly known as 'Ivory Coast ebolavirus') and Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). MARV, RAVV, BDBV, SUDV and EBOV are important human pathogens, with case fatality rates often up to 90% for MARV, RAVV and EBOV, and around 55% for SUDV 8,10 . On the basis of two small outbreaks in 2007 and 2012, BDBV seems to be the least pathogenic, with a case fatality rate of about 40-48% 11,12 . In 1994, TAFV was associated with a number of deaths in chimpanzees and a single symptomatic but non-lethal human infection in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire 13,14 . RESTV is lethal for macaques but is not thought to cause disease in humans 15 . An outbreak of RESTV was reported in pigs in the Philippines in 2008; however, it remains uncertain whether the disease observed in the pigs was caused by RESTV or other agents reported to have co-infected the animals 16 . Clinical manifestationsClinical and laboratory signs of disease caused by filovirus infection are nonspecific and usually associated with an incubation period of 2-21 days (mean 4-10 days) 8,17 . Illness begins with an abrupt onset of fever, astheni...

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“…5). In addition to being important human pathogens, filoviruses have devastated great ape populations in the Congo basin, further harming an already endangered species 6,7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Cross

Mire

Feldmann

et al. 2018

Nat Rev Drug Discov

111

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“…The most recent outbreak in the DRC also involved a catastrophic decline in populations of great apes, which are thought to have a role in transmission to humans (Ref. 10).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola virus: new insights into disease aetiopathology and possible therapeutic interventions

Geisbert

Hensley

2004

Expert Rev. Mol. Med.

112

106

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Ebola virus (EBOV) gained public notoriety in the last decade largely as a consequence of the highly publicised isolation of a new EBOV species in a suburb of Washington, DC, in 1989, together with the dramatic clinical presentation of EBOV infection and high case-fatality rate in Africa (near 90% in some outbreaks), and the unusual and striking morphology of the virus. Furthermore, there are no vaccines or effective therapies currently available. Progress in understanding the origins of the pathophysiological changes that make EBOV infections of humans so devastating has been slow, primarily because these viruses require special containment for safe research. However, an increasing understanding of the mechanisms of EBOV pathogenesis, facilitated by the development of new tools to elucidate critical regulatory elements in the viral life cycle, is providing new targets that can be exploited for therapeutic interventions. Notably, identifying factors triggering the haemorrhagic complications that characterise EBOV infections led to the development of a strategy to modulate coagulopathy; this therapeutic modality successfully mitigated the effects of EBOV haemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primates. This review summarises our current understanding of EBOV pathogenesis and discusses various approaches to therapeutic intervention based on our current understanding of how EBOV produces a lethal infection.

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“…Il est cependant de plus en plus clair que les maladies infectieuses représentent aussi une menace majeure pour la conservation des grands singes. Par exemple, on pense que le virus Ebola Zaïre a tué des milliers de chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) et de gorilles de plaine de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (Walsh et al 2003). En conséquence, le statut des gorilles de plaine de l'Ouest a été élevé au niveau supérieur « En danger critique d'extinction » sur la Liste rouge de l'UICN .…”

Section: Objectifs Des Lignes Directrices Et Principes Directeursunclassified

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

Gilardi¹,

Gillespie²,

Leendertz³

et al. 2016

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Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa

Cited by 539 publications

References 14 publications

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Post-exposure treatments for Ebola and Marburg virus infections

Ebola virus: new insights into disease aetiopathology and possible therapeutic interventions

Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques en matière de suivi de la santé et de contrôle des maladies des populations de grands singes

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