Catastrophic Carpal Fractures in Racehorses during Traditional Competitions: Assessing Mechanobiology using Multibody Modelling and Comparative Analysis

Abstract

Background: City circuit competitions (Palio) in Italy are traditional horse race held in the heart of some cities centre once a year. The prevalence of accidents during these competitions is only anecdotally reported; however there is a diffuse perception that these events adversely affect racehorse industry and impact on equine welfare. The aim of the study is to understand the basic physiopathology of catastrophic fracture of the carpus in a 7-y old thoroughbred euthanized following catastrophic fracture of the left carpus during a traditional horse race, comparing the localization and the magnitude of the contact forces at the level of the affected joint, obtained in simulated conditions with the macro- and microscopic structural damages.Methods: A retrospective analysis of a thoroughbred racehorse galloping at high speeds on an urban racetrack conditions was set up. Computational modelling of the carpal joint was generated using a multibody code for dynamics simulation, considering the circuit design, the speed of the animal, and the surface characteristic. The results were compared to the findings observed during computed tomography, micro-computed tomography and histological evaluation following hematoxylin and eosin and safranin-O fast green staining.Results: The articular surfaces of the radial, intermediate and ulnar facet of the radius together with the proximal articular surface of small carpal bones exhibited diffuse wear lines, erosions of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone exposure. The fracture line along the radial carpal bone initiating the injury does not travel in a region with bone sclerosis. In the computational model, the peak force for the contact between the radius and the radial carpal bone has a value of 6880 N. Conclusions: This study highlight how during traditional racing circuits it develops elevate impact forces at the level of contact surfaces of the carpal joint, due to effect of speed and curve, causing catastrophic bone fracture and hyaline cartilage breakdown in the absence of pre-existing pathology.