Catastrophic scapular fractures in Californian racehorses: Pathology, morphometry and bone density

Vallance, S. A.; Spriet, Mathieu; Stover, Susan M.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00346.x

Cited by 29 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In a previous study of racehorses that had a complete scapular fracture, periosteal callus was larger, and bone density was lower and more heterogeneous, in the right than left forelimb [3]. In a previous study of racehorses that had a complete scapular fracture, periosteal callus was larger, and bone density was lower and more heterogeneous, in the right than left forelimb [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Stress remodelling occurs in bilateral scapulae in racehorses with a scapular fracture [3]. Stress remodelling occurs in bilateral scapulae in racehorses with a scapular fracture [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complete fractures of the scapula accounted for only 2% of Thoroughbred (TB), but 6% of Quarter Horse (QH), musculoskeletal fatalities. Because both breeds share a common fracture configuration [3], it was hypothesised that TB and QH racehorses share other characteristics that are different from their respective racetrack populations. To the authors' knowledge, no studies have characterised horses with a complete scapular fracture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture

Vallance

Case²,

Entwistle³

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Stress remodelling occurs in bilateral scapulae in racehorses with a scapular fracture [3]. Stress remodelling occurs in bilateral scapulae in racehorses with a scapular fracture [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture

Vallance

Case²,

Entwistle³

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…; Valence et al. ). Initially, areas with microcracks will undergo bone resorption to remove damaged tissue, with subsequent osteoid and then new bone deposition to repair the defect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Does subchondral bone of the equine proximal phalanx adapt to race training?

Noble

Singer²,

Jeffery

2016

Journal of Anatomy

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Sagittal fractures of the first phalanx are a common, potentially catastrophic injury in racehorses. These fractures are often linked to an acute, one time, biomechanical event; however, recent evidence implies that chronic exposure to stress can lead to the accumulation of bony changes that affect the structural integrity of the bone and increase the likelihood of fracture. The aim of the study was to compare variations of two common metrics of bone adaptation - subchondral bone density and thickness across the proximal articular surface of the first phalanx in Thoroughbred horses that (1) raced but never experienced a first phalanx fracture (Raced Control); (2) raced and had experienced fracture of the contralateral first phalanx (Contralateral to Fracture); (3) had never raced or experienced a first phalanx fracture (Unraced Control). A total of 22 first phalangeal bones were sampled post-mortem and imaged using micro-computed tomography calibrated for mineral density measures. Measurements of volumetric subchondral bone mineral density and thickness were taken from images at five sites from medial to lateral, in three coronal planes (25, 50 and 75% dorsal-palmar). At each of the 15 sites, measurements were repeated and averaged across 10 adjacent micro-computed tomography slices of bone, spanning 0.75 mm. The magnitude and variance of these measurements were compared between sites and between cohorts with non-parametric statistical tests. Across the proximal osteochondral surface of the first phalanx, the pattern of subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness varied with each coronal section studied. The subchondral bone thickness was greater for the central and dorsal coronal sections, compared with the palmar section. For the race-fit groups (Raced Control and Contralateral to Fracture), the highest volumetric bone mineral density was in the central sagittal groove. The volumetric bone mineral density was significantly greater in the sagittal groove in the central coronal section in the raced than the unraced group. The Contralateral to Fracture group demonstrated significantly greater variance of volumetric bone mineral density compared with the Raced Control and Unraced Control (P < 0.0001), with no difference in variance noted between the Raced Control and Unraced Control groups. There was a small (R rank = 0.3) but significant correlation between subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness in the Contralateral to Fracture group (P = 0.005). The findings demonstrate that differences exist in subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness across the proximal osteochondral surface of the equine first phalanx in horses with different training histories. The findings also demonstrate that the subchondral bone of the sagittal groove of the equine first phalanx adapts to race-training in the race-fit groups (Raced Control and Contralateral to Fracture) with an increase in volumetric bone mineral density relative to unraced controls. Within the race-trained ...

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“…Vertebral and axial skeletal injuries manifested on the track as bilateral rear limb injuries that resulted in some of the more traumatic collapses seen in this study and others. 18,19,30 The consistency of racing Quarter Horses to lead with the right limb with maximum stress on the lead limb and the association of stress remodeling in CMIs would suggest that in racing Quarter Horses, prerace inspection should focus on the most commonly affected areas. Of the 67 horses, 52 (77.6%) horses leading with the right limb had a CMI of the lead limb (ie, the right forelimb or both forelimbs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of and risk factors associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Quarter Horses at two Midwestern racetracks: 67 cases (2000–2011)

Beisser

McClure²,

Rezabek³

et al. 2014

javma

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Catastrophic scapular fractures in Californian racehorses: Pathology, morphometry and bone density

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture

Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture

Does subchondral bone of the equine proximal phalanx adapt to race training?

Frequency of and risk factors associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Quarter Horses at two Midwestern racetracks: 67 cases (2000–2011)

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