Catatonia is Hidden in Plain Sight Among Different Pediatric Disorders: A Review Article

Development and validation of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale – Brazilian version

“…sitting or standing for long periods without reacting). catatonia as an independent nonspecific nosologic category since it can easily be recognized and distinguished from other conditions, has specific development and shows effective responses to treatment 7,28,32 . Nevertheless, this is not referred to in present diagnostic compendiums.…”

A Case of Recurrent Hypersomnia With Autonomic Dysfunction

“…Its pathophysiology remains unknown, but treatment with anticonvulsants and electroconvulsive therapy has shown success. 1,3 …”

“…1 Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome. Per the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), at least three of the following criteria have to be present to diagnose catatonia: catalepsy, waxy flexibility, stupor, agitation that is not induced by external stimuli, mutism, negativism, posturing, mannerisms, stereotypies, grimacing, echolalia, or echopraxia.…”

“…Recognition of catatonia is important, as it may be caused or exacerbated by treatment of the underlying disorder. 1,3,4 …”

Autonomic Dysfunction in Catatonia in Autism: Implications of a Vagal Theory

“…Some cases show bradycardia [53,54] and bronchorrhea [55], indicative of strong vagal activity. Autonomic dysfunction is the hallmark of malignant catatonia [52,56], its drug-induced variant Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome [57], and aseptic encephalitis with catatonic symptoms, including the recently coined anti-NMDAR encephalitis [58][59][60]. Early studies support that there is autonomic dysfunction in catatonia [61,62] but recent studies are lacking.…”