Catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions

Carroll, Brendan T.; Anfinson, Theodore J.; Kennedy, John C.; Yendrek, R; Boutros, M; Bilon, A

doi:10.1176/jnp.6.2.122

Cited by 131 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 122 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In a case report by Caroll et al ., the patient had delirium with episodes of catatonic excitement alternating with stupor and was diagnosed to have meningoencephalitis. [10]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-etiology delirium and catatonia in an alcoholic with tubercular meningoencephalitis

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Delirium is a clinical entity with a variety of possible etiological conditions. Clinicians must be vigilant for the possibility of additional etiological factors. Secondly, catatonic patients should be carefully looked for general medical conditions. This case report depicts a chronic alcoholic who presented with withdrawal delirium, later on developed catatonia and then was diagnosed to have tubercular meningoencephalitis, a rare clinical sequence.

show abstract

“…In a case report by Caroll et al ., the patient had delirium with episodes of catatonic excitement alternating with stupor and was diagnosed to have meningoencephalitis. [10]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-etiology delirium and catatonia in an alcoholic with tubercular meningoencephalitis

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In regard to psychiatric illnesses, catatonia is often found in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, 9 while neurological illnesses are among the most common causes of organic catatonia. 10 Because of this duality in etiology, diagnostic mistakes among patients who present with a psychiatric disturbance as the initial feature have frequently been reported, and the differential diagnosis between psychiatric and nonpsychiatric causes is only considered when neurological signs arise. 2 Hence, catatonia may present itself as a difficult diagnostic dilemma, and a catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions must be considered in every patient with catatonic signs.…”

Section: Catatoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While DSM-III defined it exclusively as a type of schizophrenia, 2 DSM-IV also listed it for the first time as a modifier of major depression and bipolar disorder and added the concept of catatonic disorder due to a general medical condition. 10 Nowadays, DSM-5 lists the 12 catatonic symptoms (waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism, catalepsy, stupor, posturing, grimacing, agitation, mannerism, echolalia, echopraxia, and/or stereotypy) and defines a formal diagnosis of catatonia as 3 or more of these. Specifiers include catatonia associated with another mental disorder, catatonia disorder due to another medical condition, and unspecified catatonia.…”

Section: Primary and Secondary Catatonia Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When first assessing a patient with behavioral symptoms, a thorough neurologic examination and mental status assessment must be made, as certain features can suggest a medical etiology: features regarding orientation, memory or level of consciousness are uncommon in psychiatric disorders, 32 as well as abnormal vital signs or other findings on physical examination. [32][33][34][35][36] Various authors 10,23 have suggested that the differential diagnosis of catatonia due to a medical condition should be divided into simple categories as neurologic, substance-induced, metabolic, infective, and endocrine disorders. Subcategories as encephalitis, seizure disorders, and others should be made, as they allow for a more focused study and practical clinical application.…”

Section: Catatonia Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subcategories as encephalitis, seizure disorders, and others should be made, as they allow for a more focused study and practical clinical application. Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies is recommended when investigating a patient with catatonia of unclear etiology, 10 as it seems to be the test most likely to affect acute management.…”

Section: Catatonia Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Catatonia secondary to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis: a review

Macedo

Marques

2019

CNS Spectr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis is a relatively recent autoimmune entity, as it was first described in 2007. Given that it is a condition with neuropsychiatric symptoms, its initial symptom is frequently psychiatric in nature. Hence, psychiatrists are often the first physicians to assess these patients and, as so, must recognize this type of encephalitis as a possible cause. Catatonia may be inaugural or develop throughout the course of the disease. Management of patients with anti-NMDAr encephalitis is based on etiologic treatment with immunotherapy and removal of the associated tumor, if any. However, these catatonic patients may have variable responses to etiologic treatment, sometimes with refractory catatonic symptoms, which attests to the necessary urgency to know how to manage these patients. In the clinical setting, physicians appear to be using guidelines originally created to the management of catatonia due to primary psychiatric conditions. In this literature review, catatonia was historically contextualized and anti-NMDAr encephalitis overall described. Finally, catatonia secondary to this type of encephalitis was discussed.

show abstract

Genetic heterogeneity in catatonic schizophrenia: A family study

1996

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a family study concentrating on 139 probands with chronic DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia, catatonic type, 83 probands (41 women, 42 men) met the criteria for periodic catatonia and 56 probands (14 women, 42 men) for systematic catatonia according to the Leonhard classification. The reliability and stability of this subclassification were tested by 2 experienced psychiatrists working independently of each other. Both diagnosticians were kept blind as to the probands' family history. The 139 probands had a total of 543 first‐degree relatives. Only those hospitalized for schizophrenia were allocated to the group of afflicted family members. Diagnostic reliability was kappa statistic 0.93 and diagnostic stability during catamnesis reached 97% and kappa of 0.93. Life‐table analysis revealed that the age‐corrected risks were significantly different in periodic and systematic catatonia. In systematic catatonia mothers had a risk of 6.8%, fathers 2%, and randomly selected sibs 3%. In periodic catatonia an excess of homologous psychoses was apparent: There was a risk of 33.7% for mothers, 15.4% for fathers, and 24.4% for sibs. The quota of afflicted parents (33 of 161) was higher than that of sibs (26 of 162). In periodic catatonia, 59% of the families were multiple afflicted with pronounced unilineal vertical transmission. In 10% of the families 3 successive generations suffered from the disease and were treated in hospital. The results of the study led to the following hypotheses: Periodic and systematic catatonia are valid subgroups of DSM‐III‐R schizophrenia. In systematic catatonia heritability is very low. Periodic catatonia is a familial disorder. Homogeneity of familial psychoses and unilineal vertical transmission with anticipation are consistent with a major gene effect. Periodic catatonia seems to be a promising candidate for molecular genetic evaluation. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

show abstract

Catatonic disorder due to general medical conditions

Cited by 131 publications

References 122 publications

Multiple-etiology delirium and catatonia in an alcoholic with tubercular meningoencephalitis

Multiple-etiology delirium and catatonia in an alcoholic with tubercular meningoencephalitis

Catatonia secondary to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis: a review

Genetic heterogeneity in catatonic schizophrenia: A family study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About