Catechin and epicatechin from Smilacis chinae rhizome protect cultured rat cortical neurons against amyloid β protein (25–35)-induced neurotoxicity through inhibition of cytosolic calcium elevation

Aralia cordata Protects Against Amyloid β Protein (25–35)–Induced Neurotoxicity in Cultured Neurons and Has Antidementia Activities in Mice

“…Primary cortical neuron cultures were prepared using embryonic day 15 -16 Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses, as described previously (24,25). Neurotoxicity experiments were performed on neurons after 3 -4 days in culture.…”

“…The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma) assay and Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) staining were performed to measure neuronal death 36-h after exposure of cultured neurons to 10 μM Aβ(25-35), as previously described (24,25). Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i were measured with Fluo-4 AM (Molecular Probes), a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, using a laser scanning confocal microscope (TCS SP2 AOBS; Leica, Heidelberg GmbH, Germany) with a 488-nm excitation argon laser and 515-nm long-pass emission filters (24,25).…”

“…Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i were measured with Fluo-4 AM (Molecular Probes), a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, using a laser scanning confocal microscope (TCS SP2 AOBS; Leica, Heidelberg GmbH, Germany) with a 488-nm excitation argon laser and 515-nm long-pass emission filters (24,25). To measure glutamate secreted into the medium, cells were treated with 10 μM Aβ(25-35) in a HEPES buffer containing 8.6 mM HEPES, 154 mM NaCl, 5.6 mM KCl, 2.3 mM CaCl 2 , and 10 mM glucose at pH 7.4; and glutamate secreted over 24 h was quantified by HPLC with an electrochemical detector (MF series; BAS, Westlafayette, IN, USA) (24). The microfluorescence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, the fluorescent product of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H 2 DCF-DA, Molecular Probes), and a laser scanning confocal microscope (TCS SP2 AOBS, Leica) with 488-nm excitation and 510-nm emission filters were used to monitor the generation of ROS in neurons treated with 10 μM Aβ(25-35) for 36 h (24, 25).…”

Neuroprotective Properties of Gallic Acid from Sanguisorbae Radix on Amyloid .BETA. Protein (25-35)-Induced Toxicity in Cultured Rat Cortical Neurons

“…We isolated gallic acid and catechin from the methanolic extract of Sanguisorbae radix which was proved to inhibit Ab (25-35)-induced neuronal damage in cultured cortical neurons. 25) In conclusion, gallic acid, together with catechin, which was also demonstrated to have neuroprotective effect against Ab (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity, 40) could be responsible for the neuroprotective effect of Sanguisorbae radix. Furthermore we demonstrated a novel pharmacological action of gallic acid and its mechanism.…”

Octyl Gallate Inhibits ATP-induced Intracellular Calcium Increase in PC12 Cells by Inhibiting Multiple Pathways

“…Phenolic compounds affect the function of voltage-gated ion channels [14][15][16][17] including voltage-gated Ca 2＋ channels [18]. Phenolic compounds have ability to affect agonist-induced [Ca 2＋ ]i increase in neuronal cells [19][20][21][22]. Octyl gallate is a simple phenol compound that potently inhibits the flux of Ca 2＋ into rat pituitary GH4C1 cells [23].…”