Human papain-like cathepsins were long believed to be responsible for terminal protein degradation in the lysosomes. This view changed dramatically when they were found to be involved in a number of important cellular processes, such as antigen presentation [7]. Their high proteolytic potential, which can be very harmful, requires the activity of papain-like cathepsins to be strictly regulated. Their endogenous protein inhibitors act as one of the main means of regulation [8]. The best characterized are the cystatins, which comprise a superfamily of evolutionarily related proteins, each consisting of at least one domain of 100-120 amino acid residues with conserved sequence motifs [8][9][10][11]. Type I cystatins (the stefins), stefins A and B, are cytosolic, % 100 amino acid residue-long proteins lacking disulfide bridges. Type II cystatins, cystatins C, D, E ⁄ M, F, S, SA, SN are longer extracellular proteins, consisting of % 120 amino acid residues and containing two disulfide bridges. Type III cystatins, the kininogens, are large multifunctional plasma proteins, containing three type II cystatin-like domains.Cystatin F was discovered recently by three independent groups. Two of them identified it by cDNA cloning and named the new inhibitor leukocystatin [12]