“…These observations differ from studies of TGF-b1 in noncoronary vessels, where TGF-b1 increased neointima formation within normal (Nabel et al, 1993;Schulick et al, 1998) and injured (Kanzaki et al, 1995) arteries, while antagonists of TGF-b1 reduced neointima formation (Wolf et al, 1994;Smith et al, 1999;Yamamoto et al, 2000;Ando et al, 2004;Ikeda et al, 2004;Yao et al, 2009). The apparent discrepancy between observations made in coronary arteries and those made in other vessels might be the consequence of the location of transgene expression: the Infiltrator catheter (used by us and by Chung et al) delivers material principally to the adventitia (Kingston et al, 2001Chung et al, 2002b), while studies of TGF-b1 antagonism in noncoronary arteries have used endoluminal routes that deliver antagonists to the luminal aspect of the artery (Wolf et al, 1994;Smith et al, 1999;Yamamoto et al, 2000;Ando et al, 2004;Ikeda et al, 2004;Yao et al, 2009). Other possibilities might account for these observations, however.…”