“…The failures in our devices were with some of the very earliest implants of the systems, and new techniques may help predict problems before device failure. [14][15][16] Hospital charges were available since 1993 in 67 patients (43 with pneumatic devices; 24 with ventedelectric devices). The mean hospital charge (Ϯ standard deviation) from the time of implantation until the time of transplantation or death was $244,000 Ϯ $100,000 total: $257,000 Ϯ $106,000 for the pneumatic device and $220,000 Ϯ $87,000 for the electric device.…”