Cathinone preservation in khat evidence via drying

Chappell, J.S.; Lee, Marsha M.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.002

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Three samples of frozen leaves and stems were dried in a heater at 35 8C and weighted every hour to determine the loss on drying, which As a result, a sample of dried leaves and stems was extracted following the optimized extraction protocol and compared with the extraction of a sample of frozen vegetable material. Comparing the areas of the active principles it was possible to conclude that drying did not alter their composition (Table 2), confirming what previously noticed [15] and literature data [9]. These findings were further confirmed by other studies carried out on khat samples analyzed by GC-FID technique [19].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In fact generally dried khat contains from 0.9 to 4.5 mg/g of cathinone [1,[9][10][11]. In bundles 2 and 3 the content of the active principles was superior and followed in the range reported in the literature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The analytical method was validated, assessing linearity, sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy, showing optimal features for the analysis of the vegetable material. Moreover the conservation of the vegetable material was evaluated, confirming that drying is the best way to preserve the active principles [9,15]; the extraction conditions were investigated to achieve the exhaustion of the plant material in the fastest and most efficient way to meet the requirements of the Court.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After harvesting, cathinone is enzimatically converted into cathine and norephedrine [6] and due to the limited shelf life of the most active component in the fresh vegetable material, the storage of the plant is crucial for the identification and quantification of this psychoactive component, which is, together with cathine, regulated as a controlled substance in many countries. In fact it was demonstrated that cathinone is stable for years in the dried khat, but it undergoes rapid decomposition in the fresh or frozen vegetable material [9]. Several analytical methods were developed for the determination of khat alkaloids either involving GC and HPLC techniques [10][11][12][13][14]; in the last years, the Tribunal of Busto Arsizio and Bergamo gave us the task to analyze all the materials suspected to contain khat active principles, coming from the seizures at the Malpensa and Orio al Serio airports in northern Italy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Capillary electrophoretic and extraction conditions for the analysis of Catha edulis FORKS active principles

Roda

Liberti

Arnoldi

et al. 2013

Forensic Science International

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Capillary electrophoretic and extraction conditions for the analysis of Catha edulis FORKS active principles

Roda

Liberti

Arnoldi

et al. 2013

Forensic Science International

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“…Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a flowering large green shrub that grows from eastern to southern Africa, as well as on the Arabian Peninsula [1][2][3][4][5]. The main psychostimulant components of khat are the phenylpropylamino alkaloids: [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

Atlabachew¹,

Chandravanshi²,

Redi‐Abshiro³

et al. 2013

Bull. Chem. Soc. Eth.

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ABSTRACT. The study demonstrated that by freezing or drying under different conditions, cathinone could be detected in the khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples that have been harvested for more than four months. Freeze drying or freezing in the refrigerator (−20 o C) yielded more than 73% of cathinone. Air drying, sun drying or oven drying at 60 o C resulted in a cathinone composition of 57%, 42% and 36%, respectively. The study confirmed that, freshly harvested tender leaves of khat contained exclusively of cathinone but upon sun drying, part of it decomposes to cathine and norephedrine leaving cathinone as a major component. Thus it is wrong to assume that sun drying the leaves can result complete conversion of cathinone to cathine and norephedrine. Furthermore, the results of the study confirmed that it was possible to preserve khat samples for longer periods after freeze drying or deep freezing without significant loss of cathinone.

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A (−)‐norephedrine‐based molecularly imprinted polymer for the solid‐phase extraction of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids from Khat (Catha edulis Vahl. Endl.) chewing leaves

Atlabachew

Torto

Chandravanshi

et al. 2015

Biomedical Chromatography

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A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared using (-)-norephedrine as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and chloroform as the porogen. The MIP was used as a selective sorbent in the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE) of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids, norephedrine and its analogs, cathinone and cathine, from Khat (Catha edulis Vahl. Endl.) leaf extracts prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. The MIP was able to selectively extract the alkaloids from the aqueous extracts of Khat. Loading, washing and elution of the alkaloids bound to the MIP were evaluated under different conditions. The clean baseline of the Khat extract obtained after MIP-SPE confirmed that a selective and efficient sample clean-up was achieved. Good recoveries (90.0-107%) and precision (RSDs 2.3-3.2%) were obtained in the validation of the MIP-SPE-HPLC procedure. The content of the three alkaloids in Khat samples determined after treatment with MIP-SPE and a commercial Isolute C18 (EC) SPE cartridge were in good agreement. These findings indicate that MIP-SPE is a reliable method that can be used for sample pre-treatment for the determination of Khat alkaloids in plant extracts or similar matrices and could be applicable in pharmaceutical, forensic and biomedical laboratories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.

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Cathinone preservation in khat evidence via drying

Cited by 46 publications

References 12 publications

Capillary electrophoretic and extraction conditions for the analysis of Catha edulis FORKS active principles

Capillary electrophoretic and extraction conditions for the analysis of Catha edulis FORKS active principles

Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (<i>Catha edulis</i> Forsk) chewing leaves

A (−)‐norephedrine‐based molecularly imprinted polymer for the solid‐phase extraction of psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids from Khat (Catha edulis Vahl. Endl.) chewing leaves

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