Cationic concentration effects on electron beam cured of carbon-epoxy composites

Nishitsuji, D.A.; Marinucci, Gerson; Evora, Maria Cecilia; Silva, L.G.A.

doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.08.048

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The use of Sb1 exhibited a T g (14.1°C) about 30°C higher than the use of P2 (−17.4°C) and about 16°C higher than the use of P3 (−2.9°C) at 600 kGy, where complete curing of the DEPC occurred by the electron beam. According to Nishitsuji et al ., in the electron‐beam curing process of an epoxy resin, the nature of the anion affects the effectiveness of the cationic initiator, and this is inversely related to the nucleophilicity of the anion. The nucleophilicity of

{SbF}_{6}^{-}

was higher than that of

{PF}_{6}^{-}

.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electron‐beam curing can be performed with high‐energy electrons from an accelerator to initiate the polymerization and crosslinking of a resin . There are many advantages of electron‐beam curing over conventional thermal curing of epoxy or epoxy‐related resins: short curing time, ambient curing temperature, environmentally friendly, a dry and fast process, unlimited materials shelf life, material design flexibility, irradiation uniformity, and labor safety . Also, unlike the thermal curing of epoxy, normally with a relatively large amount of organic curing agent (e.g., amines), a small amount of photoinitiator is used in an epoxy curing process by an electron beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of the electron‐beam absorption dose on the glass transition, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and water uptake of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by an electron beam

Cheon

Cho

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, the glass transition, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and water-uptake behaviors of diepoxidized polycardanol (DEPC) cured by electron-beam radiation in the presence of cationic photoinitiators were investigated. How the type and concentration of cationic photoinitiators and the electron-beam absorption dose influenced the properties of the cured DEPC was also studied. Two types of cationic photoinitiators, triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate (simply referred to as phosphate type or P-type) and triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (simply referred to as antimonate type or Sb-type), were used. Electronbeam absorption doses of 200, 300, 400, and 600 kGy were applied to the uncured diepoxidized cardanol (DEC) samples, respectively. It was revealed that the Sb-type photoinitiator was preferable to the electron-beam curing of DEC; this led to a lower photoinitiator concentration and/or a lower electron-beam absorption dose compared to that in the phosphate-type photoinitiator. As a result, the variations in the glass-transition temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion, storage modulus, and water uptake of the cured DEPC were quite consistent with each other. We found that the optimal conditions for the enhanced properties of DEPC by electron-beam curing were an Sb-type photoinitiator at 2 wt % and an electron-beam absorption dose of 600 kGy. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42570.

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{SbF}_{6}^{-}

was higher than that of

{PF}_{6}^{-}

.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the electron‐beam absorption dose on the glass transition, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and water uptake of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by an electron beam

Cheon

Cho

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…12 There are many advantages of electron beam curing over conventional thermal curing of epoxy or epoxy-related resins such as short curing time, ambient curing temperature, environmentally friendly, dry and fast process, unlimited materials shelf-life, material design flexibility, and labor safety. [13][14][15][16] In addition, thermal curing of epoxy normally uses a relatively large amount of organic curing V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. agent whereas electron beam curing of epoxy uses a small amount of photo-initiator. It has been known that curing of epoxy resins by electron beam can be successfully processed in the presence of cationic photo-initiators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermogravimetric and Fourier‐transform infrared analyses on the cure behavior of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by electron beam

Cheon

Cho

Song

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, the curing behavior of polycardanol containing epoxy groups (diepoxidized polycardanol) was exploited in terms of thermal stability and the cure reaction conversion by means of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of photo-initiator type and concentration and electron beam absorption dose in the presence of cationic photo-initiators (triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate (P-type) and triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimanate (Sb-type) on the cure behavior of diepoxidized cardanol (DEC) resin was investigated. The thermal stability of DEC with Sb-type photo-initiator was higher than that with P-type one, being increased with increasing the concentration and electron beam absorption dose. The conversion of cure reaction was gradually increased with increasing the dose, showing the maximum at 800 kGy. The results revealed that Sb-type photo-initiator, the concentration of 2 or 3 wt %, and electron beam absorption dose of about 800 kGy may be preferable for initiating epoxy ring opening in the DEC molecules as well as for efficiently curing the DEC resin by electron beam irradiation. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41599.

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“…In this state, active species find it difficult to propagate and the curing is stopped. Clearly, temperature of the prepreg plays an important role in this stage . Higher temperature increases the E‐Beam‐induced curing degree in 2 aspects: Firstly, IDR‐induced temperature rise can speed up the H + generation and enhance diffusivity of active species, leading to an increase in the cross‐linking rate; secondly, higher temperature lengthens the period in which the active molecules can propagate …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the wide applications of resin matrix composites in the aerospace, energy, and transportation industries, various out‐of‐autoclave curing processes such as X‐ray curing, γ‐ray curing, microwave curing, electron beam curing, and ultraviolet light curing have been put forward. Among them, E‐Beam curing technology has attracted significant attention in carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composite (CFRPs) for its high curing efficiency, low energy consumption, and high controllability compared to other out‐of‐autoclave processes . For example, ultraviolet light curing is applicable in transparent composites but can hardly cure black composites such as CFRP owing to the poor penetration ability through the prepregs; γ‐rays can be very effective, but serious irradiation hazards are associated with irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of irradiation dose rate on curing characteristics of carbon fiber/polymer composites by low‐energy electron beam

Zhang

Duan

Yao

et al. 2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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During in situ low‐energy electron beam (E‐Beam) curing for carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composite, prepregs undergoes 3 sequenced curing processes, namely E‐Beam‐induced curing, postray curing after irradiation, and thermally induced curing. In this study, the irradiation dose rate (IDR) is demonstrated to be influential on the redistribution of the curing portions in the 3 curing stages and directly influences the interlaminar bonding quality of the stepwise cured laminates. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that higher IDR resulted in higher temperature of irradiated prepregs, and hence, a higher degree of curing was induced by the E‐Beam within a dose range of 0 to 500 kGy as compared to lower IDRs, which decreased the interlaminar physical adhesive quality between layers. Analysis indicates that other than pure physical adhesion between uncured layers, postray curing can further enhance the interlaminar shear strength for cured laminates by introducing cross‐layer chemical bonding in the interlaminar zone.

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Cationic concentration effects on electron beam cured of carbon-epoxy composites

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of the electron‐beam absorption dose on the glass transition, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and water uptake of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by an electron beam

Effects of the electron‐beam absorption dose on the glass transition, thermal expansion, dynamic mechanical properties, and water uptake of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by an electron beam

Thermogravimetric and Fourier‐transform infrared analyses on the cure behavior of polycardanol containing epoxy groups cured by electron beam

Investigation of irradiation dose rate on curing characteristics of carbon fiber/polymer composites by low‐energy electron beam

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