Cations and Hypertension: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium

Maxwell, Morton H.; Waks, Abraham U.

doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30813-6

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Activity of sodium transport channel is increased in hypertensive subjects. [11] The mineral sodium, potassium and calcium , play a pivotal role in the normal regulation of blood pressure. Studies have observed that despite being involved in normal regulation of blood pressure, sodium is also an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Studies on Effect of Atenolol and Enalapril on Serum Electrolytes in Pre and Postmenopausal Women with Essential Hypertension

Das¹,

Das²,

Sawalakhe³

et al. 2017

AIMDR

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Background: Essential hypertension is considered one of the major risk factors for morbidity and mortality in modern civilized life. Because of the involvement of ions in contraction of excitable tissues like vascular smooth muscles and myocardium, alteration in the cation transport across cell membrane plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of β blocker, atenolol and ACE inhibitor, enalapril on the concentration of serum sodium, potassium and calcium in pre and postmenopausal hypertensive women as compared to normotensive women. Methods: The study was conducted in the medicine department of the institution. For the study, selection of 30 pre and 30 postmenopausal women patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and 60 normal controls for both the groups was done. The age group of premenopausal hypertensive women was 30-50 years and for postmenopausal hypertensive women it was 50-70 years. Venous blood sample was withdrawn from the study groups and serum was used for estimation of serum sodium, potassium and calcium. 'Systronic' flame photometer was used for estimation of serum sodium and potassium. Results: A significant decrease in the blood pressure of patients treated with both atenolol and enalapril was observed in groups of pre and postmenopausal women with essential hypertension. Significant variations were seen in the concentrations of serum sodium, potassium and calcium (p<0.01) in pre and postmenopausal women with essential hypertension as compared to normal control. We observed significant decrease in the level of serum potassium, calcium and parallel increase in the level of serum sodium in the study subjects before treatment. In postmenopausal essential hypertensive patients, decrease in serum calcium was not found. Conclusion: The effect of β blocker, atenolol on the electrolyte balance shows that it lowers blood pressure by decreasing plasma renin activity. Status of renin in patient may be a marker for the responsiveness to β adrenoreceptor blocker, atenolol. Adenylatecyclase system is also activated in case of atenolol which leads to relaxation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Studies on Effect of Atenolol and Enalapril on Serum Electrolytes in Pre and Postmenopausal Women with Essential Hypertension

Das¹,

Das²,

Sawalakhe³

et al. 2017

AIMDR

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“…21 Potassium intake helps to downregulate BP by increasing sodium excretion. [22][23][24][25] The study in normotensive blacks found that salt sensitivity occurs when dietary potassium intake was just marginally deficient and that SS was dosedependently suppressed when potassium intake was increased within its reference range, indicating that the potassium supplementation might prevent or delay the occurrence of hypertension. 26 Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that moderate increment of potassium intake in children and adolescents could significantly lessen the rising of BP with age growth, especially in those subjects with salt sensitivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Loading on Plasma Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine and the Protective Role of Potassium Supplement in Normotensive Salt-Sensitive Asians

Yuan

et al. 2006

Hypertension

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Abstract-Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase. Because endothelial NO pathway is compromised in patients with salt-sensitive hypertension, we investigated whether the plasma ADMA can be modulated by chronic salt loading in normotensive salt-sensitive persons and its relationship with NO, and we further determined whether or not dietary potassium supplementation can reverse them. Sixty normotensive subjects (aged 20 to 60 years) were selected from a rural community of Northern China. All of the people were sequentially maintained on a low-salt diet for 7 days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for 7 days (18 g/day), and high-salt diet with potassium supplementation for another 7 days (4.5 g/day, KCl). After salt loading, the plasma ADMA concentrations increased significantly in salt-sensitive subjects (0.

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“…Sodium metabolism by the kidney represents the major determinant ofblood pressure (2,3). It is well-established that dopamine released from intrinsic cells in the kidney is of central importance in the regulation of this metabolism (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional regulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity by dopamine and an alpha-adrenergic agonist.

Ibarra

Aperia

Svensson

et al. 1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Catecholamines have pronounced effects on the renal handling of sodium and water, dopamine-promoting sodium and water excretion, and norepinephrine-promoting sodium and water retention. In the present study, using isolated permeabilized renal tubule cells and intact rats, we have shown that these effects can be attributed to opposing actions of these transmitters on renal tubular Na+,K+-ATPase activity. The ability of each of these catecholamines to regulate Na+,K+-ATPase activity is affected by the concentration of Na+ as well as by the absence or presence of the opposing catecholamine.Hypertension represents one of the major health problems in industrialized countries (1). Sodium metabolism by the kidney represents the major determinant ofblood pressure (2, 3). It is well-established that dopamine released from intrinsic cells in the kidney is of central importance in the regulation of this metabolism (4). Moreover, dopamine is extremely widely used in intensive care units to induce sodium excretion (5). Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the underlying mechanism by which dopamine achieves its natriuretic action. It is generally believed that this mechanism involves inhibition of renal tubular Na+,K+-ATPase activity (6). However, previous efforts to demonstrate an inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity by dopamine were unsuccessful when physiological concentrations ofNa+ were used. We now report, by using isolated permeabilized renal tubule cells, that dopamine is able to inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase activity at physiological sodium concentrations and that this inhibition requires the target cells to be subjected simultaneously to adrenergic activation. We have also found, in experiments carried out on sodium excretion in intact animals, that, for the natriuretic action of dopamine to be manifested, a background of adrenergic activity is required. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe studies were performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats (Alab, Stockholm) weighing 150-200 g. In one protocol the rats were unilaterally denervated. Under ether anesthesia, the left renal artery was dissected free from the surrounding tissue and wrapped three times for 5-min periods with cotton soaked in a solution of 10% (vol/vol) phenol in absolute alcohol. The studies were performed 8 days later. The efficacy of the denervation procedure has been assessed by examining for the presence of neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide by using the indirect immunofluorescence technique (7).Segments from the proximal convoluted tubule were dissected from the cortex of the collagenase-perfused rat kid-

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Cations and Hypertension: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium

Cited by 19 publications

References 142 publications

Studies on Effect of Atenolol and Enalapril on Serum Electrolytes in Pre and Postmenopausal Women with Essential Hypertension

Studies on Effect of Atenolol and Enalapril on Serum Electrolytes in Pre and Postmenopausal Women with Essential Hypertension

Salt Loading on Plasma Asymmetrical Dimethylarginine and the Protective Role of Potassium Supplement in Normotensive Salt-Sensitive Asians

Bidirectional regulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity by dopamine and an alpha-adrenergic agonist.

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