AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the special issue editors and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments on the paper. The authors express their gratitude to Bengt Högberg, Linköping University for his support and helpful remarks on the final version of the paper.
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AbstractResearchers and society devote increasing interest to environmental impact assessments. The study here discusses and questions current assessment models by relating them to inter-organizational network analyses, and demonstrates that single entities as the basis for environmental impact assessments may not be in the best interests of society. Three case studies focusing on logistical solutions illustrate environmental effects on a single-entity and a network level. The paper concludes that considering environmental impacts on a singleentity level disregards indirect effects, which in turn has consequences for the environment.The paper points to the importance of identifying the appropriate level for analysis of environmental impacts since the single entity as the basis for assessments may undermine environmentally friendly intentions.