“…Toyo Keizai Inc. developed Japanese Overseas Investments by conducting mail and telephone surveys with major listed and unlisted Japanese parent firms and collecting their archival data. Japanese Overseas Investments document the information of all foreign subsidiaries of those parent firms in detail (Henisz & Delios, 2001), and the data have been employed by a large number of international business studies (e.g., Chan & Makino, 2007;Henisz & Delios, 2001;Hui, Hult, & Ketchen, 2020;Makino & Beamish, 1998). While Japanese Overseas Investments provide the data regarding the foreign activities of Japanese MNCs, SPEEDA, which is developed by Uzabase Inc., provides the data for other variables.…”