Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching

Iacus, Stefano Maria; King, Gary; Porro, Giuseppe

doi:10.1093/pan/mpr013

Cited by 2,725 publications

(2,009 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…We included here phaco-trabectome patients, who have a different, mixed indication that often includes visually significant cataract as the primary motivator while presenting with a relatively stable glaucoma. We did so after demonstrating by a rigorous statistical matching method, coarsened exact matching 15 , that phacoemulsification does not contribute significantly to IOP reduction when done at the same time 9 or in a surgery prior to trabectome surgery 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined analysis of trabectome and phaco-trabectome outcomes by glaucoma severity

et al. 2016

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Prior glaucoma severity staging systems were mostly concerned with visual field function and retinal nerve fiber layer, but did not include intraocular pressure or medications to capture resistance to treatment. We recently introduced a simple index that combines pressure, medications, and visual field damage and applied it to stratify outcomes of trabectome surgery. This microincisional glaucoma surgery removes the primary resistance to outflow in glaucoma, the trabecular meshwork, and has been mostly used in mild glaucoma. Traditional glaucoma surgeries have a relatively high complication rate and have been reserved for more advanced disease stages. In the analysis presented here we include our data of trabectome combined with cataract surgery. This is a common practice pattern as both occur in the same age group with increasing frequency. For patients in higher glaucoma index (GI) groups, the intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction was 2.34+/-0.19 mmHg more than those in a GI group one level lower while holding everything else constant. Those who had undergone trabectome combined with phacoemulsification had an IOP reduction that was 1.29+/-0.39 mmHg less compared to those with trabectome alone. No statistically significant difference was found between genders and age groups while holding everything else constant. Hispanics had a 3.81+/-1.08 mmHg greater IOP reduction. Pseudoexfoliation and steroid glaucoma patients had an IOP reduction that was greater by 2.91+/-0.56 and 3.86+/-0.81 mmHg, respectively, than those with primary open angle glaucoma. These results suggest a role for trabectome-mediated ab interno trabeculectomy beyond mild forms of glaucoma. Additionally, the multifactorial glaucoma index demonstrates a role in staging patients when comparing glaucoma surgical modalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined analysis of trabectome and phaco-trabectome outcomes by glaucoma severity

et al. 2016

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“…A new sample of online volunteers completed an identical study on empathy and morality between 2015 and 2017. We then apply an exact matching (Iacus, King, Porro, & Katz, 2012) algorithm to create a 2015-17 subsample that strongly mirrors our 2007-08 sample on the primary pre-treatment covariates, thus eliminating differences in age and other potentially confounding demographic measures. In conjunction with the correlation reported in Study 1, a difference between waves would point towards a cohort effect.…”

Section: Study 3: Time-lag Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, numerous methods for pre-processing observational data have been developed, whose general aim is to compensate for non-random assignment by either weighting or matching observations as a function of their covariate values. In our present case, given the large sample size and substantial overlap between waves on the primary demographic covariates, we were able to seek exact matches, using a coarsened exact matching algorithm (Ho, Imai, King, & Stuart, 2011;Iacus, King, Porro, & Katz, 2012).…”

Section: Imbalance Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is utilitarian sacrifice becoming more morally permissible?

2018

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Word count: 1960 (excluding methods, results, references, author contributions and cover page) INCREASING PERMISSIBILITY OF UTILITARIAN SACRIFICE 2 Abstract A central tenet of contemporary moral psychology is that people reject many forms of utilitarian sacrifice. Yet, evidence for secularization and declining empathic concern in recent decades suggests the possibility of systematic change in this attitude. In the present study, we employ hypothetical dilemmas to investigate whether judgments of utilitarian sacrifice are becoming more permissive over time. In a cross-sectional design, age negatively predicted utilitarian moral judgment (Study 1). To examine whether this pattern reflected processes of maturation, we asked a panel to re-evaluate several moral dilemmas after a nine-year interval but observed no overall change (Study 2). In contrast, a more recent age-matched sample revealed greater endorsement of utilitarian sacrifice in a time-lag design (Study 3). Taken together, these results suggest that today's younger cohorts increasingly endorse a utilitarian resolution of sacrificial moral dilemmas.

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“…Using CEM before the implementation of the subsequent matching technique is suggested as an appropriate procedure that improves the quality of matching and the inferences drawn after PSM (Blackwell et al, 2009;Iacus et al, 2011).…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It meets the congruence principle and it restricts the matched data to areas of common empirical support (Iacus et al, 2011).…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition

Afcha

García‐Quevedo

2014

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In this paper we examine the impact of subsidies granted at national and regional levels on a set of R&D employment variables and we specifically seek to identify the existence of additional effects of these public subsidies on the R&D human resources of firms. We begin by assessing the effects of public funds on private R&D expenditure and on the number of R&D employees, and then focus on the impact of these funds on the composition of human resources engaged in R&D classified by occupation and level of education.The data used are from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel for the period 2006-2011. To control for selection bias and endogeneity, a combination of non-parametric matching techniques are used. Our results show that R&D subsidies increase the number of R&D employees but no contemporaneous increase is found in the average level of qualification of R&D staff members in subsidized firms. Nevertheless, in the subsequent years there is a positive effect on the recruitment of PhD holders. The effects of public support are heterogeneous and are dependent on the source of the subsidy and the firms' characteristics.Keywords: R&D subsidies, R&D employment, matching estimators, technology policy. JEL Codes: O38, J24, H25, C14. Acknowledgements:We are very grateful for the suggestions from two anonymous referees that were very useful in improving the paper. We would also like to thank D. Czarnitzki, J. G. Díaz-Gamarra, M. Mediavilla and F. Todeschini for valuable comments.2

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Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching

Cited by 2,725 publications

References 46 publications

Combined analysis of trabectome and phaco-trabectome outcomes by glaucoma severity

Combined analysis of trabectome and phaco-trabectome outcomes by glaucoma severity

Is utilitarian sacrifice becoming more morally permissible?

The impact of R&D subsidies on R&D employment composition

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