 Causes and effects of woman rural-urban migration – field study amongst female street food vendors in Tangerang-Indonesia and Hat Yai

Abstract

Rural-urban movements from poor rural areas to rich urban areas have been the dominant form of migration. A sharp increase in rural-urban migration is stated in recent years in Tangerang, Indonesia, and Hat Yai, Thailand. One of the important changes in internal movements in Indonesia and Thailand have been the rise in the participation of women in migration streams that were previously dominated by men. For studying the causes and effects of women migration, 200 female migrant vendors in Tangerang and 96 in Hat Yai were surveyed, 20 biographical interviews were recorded. Important differences in both study areas were in the proximity of the urban centres. In Tangerang, long-distance migration dominated, in contrast to the shortdistance migration in Hat Yai. The start of the migration was slightly shorter in Hat Yai. The influencing decision makers showed wide differences. In Tangerang, the influence of the male-dominated society was strong, and husbands were the most important decision maker, while in Hat Yai females' own decisions dominated. The information sources for migration were families, relatives and friends, whereas mass media played a minor role.The pull and push factors for migration differed in both study areas. Prospects were namely at first place in both study areas, but in different percentages. Remittances to the families were reported from a few number. The rural-urban migration and working as street food vendors had positive effects for the women, their families and relatives, but the agricultural production in rural areas can be hampered through the decrease of younger population.

Sosial Ekonomi Dan Kondisi Kerja Perempuan Pedagang Makanan Kaki Lima Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Jakarta

“…Selanjutnya, perempuan PMKL di Tangerang dan Hat Yai bekerja lebih lama antara 8-14 jam sehari (Yusuf et al, 2020). Seperti yang dikatakan oleh banyak penulis, jam kerja PMKL pada umumnya tidak teratur.…”

“…Di Phnom Penh, Kamboja, pedagang perempuan bekerja selama 8-13 jam per hari dan kebanyakan dari mereka harus menyeimbangkan jam kerja panjang mereka dengan tanggung jawab rumah tangga lainnya (ILO, 2016). Sebuah penelitian terhadap 296 responden di Hat Yai dan Tangerang memperlihatkan bahwa pedagang bekerja rata-rata antara 8 hingga 14 jam sehari (Yusuf et al, 2020). Sedangkan di Nepal, para perempuan MPKL makanan harus bekerja 8,8 jam untuk mendapatkan penghasilan yang memungkinkan mereka menyediakan penghidupan bagi keluarga mereka (Adhikari, 2017).…”