Causes and psychological impact of gynecomastia in boys and adolescents

Todorova, Zdravka; Stefanova, Elissaveta; Todorov, I

doi:10.5603/ep.a2021.0070

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Gynecomastia is a physiologic or nonphysiologic condition that occurs when the estrogen-to-testosterone ratio in men is disrupted. 9 Gynecomastia is most likely caused by hyperprolactinemia, which suppresses gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, resulting in an imbalance of androgenic and estrogenic influences on breast tissue. 10 However, the patient described in the present report had a unique case of gynecomastia and hyperprolactinemia complicated by rare GLM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review

et al. 2022

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This study was performed to describe a rare case of granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) that was successfully treated with bromocriptine in a male patient with gynecomastia and hyperprolactinemia. A 20-year-old man presented with a 1-year history of breast enlargement and galactorrhea. Physical examination revealed bilateral breast enlargement, porous discharge, and a 3-cm left breast lump in the 10-o’clock quadrant. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a 1.2-mm pituitary tumor. Laboratory analysis revealed hyperprolactinemia with low serum testosterone and elevated prolactin and estradiol levels. The lump in the left breast was examined by ultrasonography and mammography, and a core needle biopsy revealed chronic inflammation. The patient’s galactorrhea and breast lump disappeared after 3 months of treatment with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg once a day. His serum prolactin level also normalized. Following a review of this case, the patient was diagnosed with gynecomastia with hyperprolactinemia complicated by rare GLM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concurrent gynecomastia and GLM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review

et al. 2022

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“…In boys, GM is the most common symptom, present in 98% of cases. This is attributed to tumor secretion of large amounts of androstenedione, which is converted into estrone by peripheral tissue aromatase [ 3 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Etiology Of Gm In Adolescent Boys ( Table 1 ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A detailed medical history should include the onset and duration of breast enlargement, pain or tenderness, presence of nipple discharge or overlying skin changes, undervirilization, and testicular swelling or masses. Past medical history should focus on undescended testes, viral infection (i.e., mumps), and liver or renal disease [ 34 ], as well as male relatives who have long-term or permanent GM [ 3 , 8 ]. A thorough review of all recent medications, including herbal remedies, illegal substances, and anabolic steroids, should be conducted.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Adolescent Males With Gm ( Table 2 ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate any potential usage of illegal drugs or anabolic steroids, the teen should be interviewed alone [ 18 ]. A psychological evaluation and a mental health screen should be a part of the assessment [ 3 ].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Adolescent Males With Gm ( Table 2 ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies on the potential causes of GM during adolescence remain limited, some studies have begun to elucidate the subject. For instance, Todorova et al [ 3 ] conducted a retrospective study between 2009 and 2018 in a specialized Pediatric Hospital in Sofia, Bulgaria, which involved 157 adolescents with GM after excluding obese adolescents. The authors reported that one-quarter of these cases were due to pathologic conditions, such as hyperprolactinaemia (18 cases, 11.46%), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (9 cases, 5.73%), hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (8 cases, 5.09%), and prepubertal development (12 cases, 7.64%), while pubertal GM constituted the majority (110 cases, 70.08%) of the total enrolled cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Metwalley,

Farghaly

2024

Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab

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Gynecomastia (GM) is a common and continuously evolving condition that commonly occurs during adolescence. It is the source of significant embarrassment and psychological stress in adolescent males. GM is characterized by enlargement of the male breast due to the proliferation of glandular ducts and stromal components. The main cause of GM during adolescence is physiological or pubertal GM, which is primarily attributed to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen activity. Physiological GM is typically transient and resolves within several months, although it may take several years to resolve. GM may also be caused by other pathological conditions and could be indicative of an endocrine disease. It is crucial to understand the pathogenesis of GM to distinguish it from normal developmental variants due to pathological causes. The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of GM during adolescence in terms of potential etiologies, clinical and laboratory diagnoses, and current management.

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Case report on gynecomastia with ipsilateral recurrence of granulomatous lobular mastitis

Han,

Ting,

Ting

et al. 2023

J Int Med Res

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This study describes a rare case of male granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) with recurrence in different sites on the ipsilateral side. A 48-year-old male patient presented with no previous history of breast-related disease, and physical examination suggested a mass in the right breast. Ultrasonography revealed a cyst and infection in the right breast. No obvious abnormality was found in laboratory analysis, and a core needle biopsy revealed GLM. Incision and drainage were applied to the right lesion, and symptoms resolved within a few weeks. At 2 years following this initial presentation, the patient reported that the right breast mass reappeared in different locations after the consumption of alcohol. Relevant examination and a core needle biopsy again suggested GLM of the right breast. The patient declined hormone therapy and was subsequently lost to follow-up. After reviewing this case, the course of the disease in this patient, and the connection between gynecomastia and GLM, along with ipsilateral recurrence, are under investigation.

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Causes and psychological impact of gynecomastia in boys and adolescents

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review

Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review

Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Case report on gynecomastia with ipsilateral recurrence of granulomatous lobular mastitis

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