Causes of Bald Eagle Mortality, 1960–1965

Coon, Nancy C.; Locke, Louis N.; Cromartie, Eugene; Reichel, W. L.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-6.1.72

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…This is consistent with similar studies by Coon et al (1969), Stewart (1969), Cooper (1973), Clausen and Gudmundsson (1981), Redig et al (1983), Fix and Barrows (1990), Work and Hale (1996), Deem et al (1998), and Morishita et al (1998). These results are in contrast with finding trauma in only 5% of 92 freeliving British kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) (Keymer et al, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Retrospective Study of Morbidity and Mortality of Raptors Admitted to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital During 1995 to 1998

Wendell

Sleeman

Kratz

2002

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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A retrospective study was conducted to identify causes of morbidity and mortality of free-living raptors in northeast Colorado and the surrounding areas of Nebraska and Wyoming. The study included 409 raptors, representing 23 species, admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, from 1995 to 1998. Causes of morbidity and mortality were identified as trauma (66.3%), orphaned young (15.6%), unknown (9.0%), infectious disease (4.4%), metabolic and nutritional disease (2.2%), toxicosis (2.0%), and degenerative disease (0.5%). Trauma was the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality for all species and during all seasons.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Retrospective Study of Morbidity and Mortality of Raptors Admitted to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital During 1995 to 1998

Wendell

Sleeman

Kratz

2002

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…In North America, previous studies have shown that eagle mortalities are frequently related to human activities, both accidental and purposeful, resulting from gunshot, electrocution, collisions with vehicles and structures, and poisonings. Several studies have found similar results, for example, among bald eagles necropsied from 1960 through 1981 in the United States, gunshot trauma was the most frequent diagnosis (Coon et al , Mulhern et al , Cromartie et al , Kaiser et al , Reichel et al ). Another study identified the top 5 causes of mortality in bald eagles from Alaska were non‐gunshot trauma, electrocution, emaciation, gunshot, and poisoning (Thomas ); and in a study of bald and golden eagles in western Canada, the most common diagnoses were trauma, electrocution, pesticide poisoning, gunshot, and lead poisoning (Wayland et al ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 69%

Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013

Russell

Franson

2014

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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We summarized the cause of death for 2,980 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1,427 golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, for diagnosis between 1975 and the beginning of 2013. We compared the proportion of eagles with a primary diagnosis as electrocuted, emaciated, traumatized, shot or trapped, diseased, poisoned, other, and undetermined among the 4 migratory bird flyways of the United States (Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific). Additionally, we compared the proportion of lead-poisoned bald eagles submitted before and after the autumn 1991 ban on lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Trauma and poisonings (including lead poisoning) were the leading causes of death for bald eagles throughout the study period, and a greater proportion of bald eagles versus golden eagles were diagnosed as poisoned. For golden eagles, the major causes of mortality were trauma and electrocution. The proportion of lead poisoning diagnoses for bald eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center displayed a statistically significant increase in all flyways after the autumn 1991 ban on the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Thus, lead poisoning was a significant cause of mortality in our necropsied eagles, suggesting a continued need to evaluate the trade-offs of lead ammunition for use on game other than waterfowl versus the impacts of lead on wildlife populations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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“…As opportunistic predators and scavengers, bald eagles congregate in waterfowl hunting areas and prey on crippled waterfowl (often carrying embedded lead shot) or scavenge on unretrieved waterfowl carcasses. In the earliest published studies in the United States, Coon et al (1969) reported that 7% of 45 bald eagle carcasses had high enough lead levels to have caused mortality, and Kaiser et al (1980) reported that 9% of 158 bald eagle carcasses contained elevated lead levels in the liver, ranging from 22.9 to 38.1 μg/g wet weight. Pattee and Hennes (1983) reviewed the relationship between lead shot in waterfowl and bald eagles, and found that lead toxicity in bald eagles occurs seasonally (late fall and winter), corresponding with the waterfowl hunting season.…”

Section: Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

American Fisheries Society

1969

BioScience

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Causes of Bald Eagle Mortality, 1960–1965

Cited by 22 publications

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Retrospective Study of Morbidity and Mortality of Raptors Admitted to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital During 1995 to 1998

Retrospective Study of Morbidity and Mortality of Raptors Admitted to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital During 1995 to 1998

Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013

American Fisheries Society

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