Causes of Death in Military Working Dogs During Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001–2013

Miller, Laura A.; Pacheco, Gerardo J.; Janak, Jud C.; Grimm, Rose; Dierschke, Nicole; Baker, Janice; Orman, Jean A.

doi:10.1093/milmed/usx235

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…GSD and Belgian Malinois are breeds that are favored for the type of high energy, aggressive work that the military and civilian law enforcement requires. Therefore, these breeds were overrepresented in the MWD and OpK9 groups and is in keeping with previous reports on MWDs 4 . Additionally, male intact dogs were the most common sex for MWDs, likely owing at least in part to the greater availability of male dogs in the procurement process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Currently, the only studies that have examined outcomes in deployed MWDs include a small study of gunshot wounds (GSW) in 29 MWDs, 2 a study of non–combat‐related injuries and illnesses in deployed dogs, 3 and a retrospective study of 92 all‐cause MWD deaths 4 . These studies report that soft tissue trauma accounts for ∼21% of noncombat illness in MWDs in the combat zone, 3 and that injury from GSW (31.5%) and explosion or blast (26.1%) were the leading causes of death in records that were available for MWDs serving in Iraq and Afghanistan 4 . Both publications call for development of a MWD database to reduce the bias of missing cases and data in their reports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparison of trauma sustained by civilian dogs and deployed military working dogs

Edwards

Scott

Gonyeau

et al. 2021

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective: To compare the prevalence of types of trauma, mechanisms of injury, and outcomes among military working dogs (MWDs), operational canines (OpK9s), and civilian dogs (CDs) that sustained traumatic injury.Design: Retrospective descriptive analysis. Animals:One hundred and ninety-three cases of MWD trauma, 26,099 cases of CD trauma, 35 cases of OpK9 trauma. Interventions: None.Measurements and main results: Medical records of MWDs that incurred trauma while deployed to the Middle East were identified, and information was extracted from these records. The resultant database was compared to CD and OpK9s in the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (ACVECC) Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry. All 3 groups showed similar trends with regard to type of trauma: penetrating injuries occurred most frequently, followed by blunt injuries for CDs and OpK9s. An equal proportion of blunt and blunt and penetrating traumas were observed in MWDs. Only MWDs sustained trauma from explosions, which accounted for 22.3% of injuries in this group. Animal bite/scratch/quilling and motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) were significantly more prevalent among CDs than MWDs (P < 0.01), whereas injuries from gunshot wounds (GSW) or a knife/sharp object were more common among MWDs compared to CDs (P < 0.01). No statistical differences in survival were observed between CDs and MWDs after excluding civilian dogs euthanized due to financial limitations.Conclusions: MWDs, OpK9s, and CDs experience differences in injury type, mechanism, and outcome. Regardless, MWDs and CDs have good prognosis for survival to discharge after trauma.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of trauma sustained by civilian dogs and deployed military working dogs

Edwards

Scott

Gonyeau

et al. 2021

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…A laboratory study in five-week-old beagles provided evidence for seroconversion in two dogs and viral RNA was detected in rectal swabs two days post-inoculation [53]. These findings, given that beagles are service dogs, underscores the potential security risk as service dogs are commonly deployed throughout the world to assist with patrol, tracking, and scent detection [239,240]. Field epidemiological investigations provided evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic dogs occurred from their infected owners [235].…”

Section: Canidsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface

Hedman¹,

Krawczyk

Helmy

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.

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“…2,3 A similar risk exists in canine trauma, and mechanisms of injury among MWDs injured in the line of duty are similar to those associated with traumatic hemorrhage in humans. 4 Traumatic hemorrhage is also common in civilian canines, and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. 5 In particular, hemorrhage resulting in a hemoabdomen has been shown to occur in 27% to 43% of cases following severe blunt trauma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic shock and hemostatic resuscitation in canine trauma

Edwards

Rizzo

2021

Transfusion

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Hemorrhage is a significant cause of death among military working dogs and in civilian canine trauma. While research specifically aimed at canine trauma is limited, many principles from human trauma resuscitation apply. Trauma with significant hemorrhage results in shock and inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues. This leads to aberrations in cellular metabolism, including anaerobic metabolism, decreased energy production, acidosis, cell swelling, and eventual cell death. Considering blood and endothelium as a single organ system, blood failure is a syndrome of endotheliopathy, coagulopathy, and platelet dysfunction. In severe cases following injury, blood failure develops and is induced by inadequate oxygen delivery in the presence of hemorrhage, tissue injury, and acute stress from trauma. Severe hemorrhagic shock is best treated with hemostatic resuscitation, wherein blood products are used to restore effective circulating volume and increase oxygen delivery to tissues without exacerbating blood failure. The principles of hemostatic resuscitation have been demonstrated in severely injured people and the authors propose an algorithm for applying this to canine patients. The use of plasma and whole blood to resuscitate severely injured canines while minimizing the use of crystalloids and colloids could prove instrumental in improving both mortality and morbidity. More work is needed to understand the canine patient that would benefit from hemostatic resuscitation, as well as to determine the optimal resuscitation strategy for these patients.

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Causes of Death in Military Working Dogs During Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001–2013

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Comparison of trauma sustained by civilian dogs and deployed military working dogs

Comparison of trauma sustained by civilian dogs and deployed military working dogs

Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface

Hemorrhagic shock and hemostatic resuscitation in canine trauma

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