Causes of police behavior revisited

Racial profiling : using propensity score matching to examine focal concerns theory.

“…This finding is contradictory to Riksheim and Chermak's (1993) study that review the quantitative literature on police decision-making. Riksheim and Chermak (1993) found that race of the citizen had no effect on police officer's decision to arrest. Police officer use of force and deadly force was found to be unresolved based on the race of the citizen.…”

“…While the findings of this dissertation are different this could be based on it being a different outcome of decision-making for police officers then what was analyzed by Riksheim and Chermak (1993).…”

Police use of excessive force: Does the race of the suspect influence citizens' perceptions?

“…In an early study, Piliavin and Briar (1964) found that police officers themselves reported that in juvenile cases the demeanor of the suspect was the main factor determining how they handled the situation in 50 to 60% of their cases. Of course, citizen demeanor toward the police is fashioned by citizen perceptions of the police: Citizens who do not trust the police are more likely to behave in a negative manner toward them (Riksheim and Chermak, 1993).…”

Early Intervention Program Criteria: Evaluating Officer Use of Force

“…Nevertheless, police use of force has also been a source of divisiveness and disruption in American society. In fact, Riksheim and Chermak (1993) concluded that any single incident of police use of force has the potential to alienate communities to the point of civil disorder. Thus, many departments and especially those with early intervention systems, routinely monitor officer use of force in an effort to ensure that it is used only when necessary and in a measured, appropriate manner.…”