Causes of status epilepticus

Abstract

SUMMARYStatus epilepticus (SE) is the most extreme form of epilepsy. It describes a prolonged seizure that may occur in patients with previous epilepsy or in acute disorders of the central nervous system. It is one of the most common neurologic emergencies, with an incidence of up to 41 per 100,000 per year and an estimated mortality is 20%. The three major determinants of prognosis are the duration of SE, patient age, and the underlying cause. Common and easily recognized causes of SE include cerebrovascular disorders, brain trauma, infections, and low antiepileptic drug levels in patients with epilepsy. Less common causes present a clinical and diagnostic challenge, but are major determinants of prognosis. Among them, inflammatory causes and inborn errors of metabolism have gained wide interest; recent insights into these causes have contributed to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of SE and its appropriate treatment. This review focuses on the different etiologies of SE and emphasizes the importance of prompt recognition and treatment of the underlying causes.

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) — The potential role for immunotherapy

“…Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as a "seizure lasting more than 30 min in duration or the occurrence of two or more seizures without return to baseline mental status" [1]. When either clinical or electrographic seizures continue after initial treatment with first-and second-line antiepileptic drugs, the episode is often termed refractory status epilepticus (RSE) [2], and such prolonged SE contributes to increased mortality [3].…”

Cost of status epilepticus in a tertiary care hospital in India

“…Considering the greater prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) infections and infestations in developing countries, the incidence of SE is likely to be higher in such countries than in developed countries [3]. In addition, infections and infestations are the most common etiologies of SE in developing countries compared with developed countries, where stroke and drug withdrawal are the most common etiologies [3,4]. There are regional differences in the treatment protocol as well.…”

Hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression is associated with hippocampal apoptosis during epileptogenesis

“…Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures, and persistent seizure is a life-threatening condition with an estimated mortality rate of 20% (Trinka et al, 2012). Depending on the pilocarpine administration protocol and species, the mortality rates of rodent models may be up to 40% (Curia et al, 2008), so there is still an acute need for further research into the mechanisms behind SE mortality.…”