Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Young Athletes

Westrol, Michael S.; Kapitanyan, Raffi; Marques-Baptista, Andreia; Merlin, Mark A.

doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.07.2181

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…29,31,54 Indeed, long-term sustained vigorous aerobic ET such as marathon or ultramarathon running or professional cycling has been associated with as much as a 5-fold increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation. 19,30,31,37,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Potential mechanisms underlying the association of long-term excessive exercise and atrial fibrillation are speculative but may include increased vagal and sympathetic tone, bradycardia, inflammatory changes, atrial wall fibrosis, and increased atrial size. 59 Some data indicate that atrial size may be larger in veteran endurance athletes than in age-matched sedentary controls.…”

Section: Proarrhythmic Effects Of Excessive Endurance Etmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

O’Keefe

Patil

Lavie

et al. 2012

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

343

305

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A routine of regular exercise is highly effective for prevention and treatment of many common chronic diseases and improves cardiovascular (CV) health and longevity. However, long-term excessive endurance exercise may induce pathologic structural remodeling of the heart and large arteries. Emerging data suggest that chronic training for and competing in extreme endurance events such as marathons, ultramarathons, ironman distance triathlons, and very long distance bicycle races, can cause transient acute volume overload of the atria and right ventricle, with transient reductions in right ventricular ejection fraction and elevations of cardiac biomarkers, all of which return to normal within 1 week. Over months to years of repetitive injury, this process, in some individuals, may lead to patchy myocardial fibrosis, particularly in the atria, interventricular septum, and right ventricle, creating a substrate for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Additionally, long-term excessive sustained exercise may be associated with coronary artery calcification, diastolic dysfunction, and large-artery wall stiffening. However, this concept is still hypothetical and there is some inconsistency in the reported findings. Furthermore, lifelong vigorous exercisers generally have low mortality rates and excellent functional capacity. Notwithstanding, the hypothesis that long-term excessive endurance exercise may induce adverse CV remodeling warrants further investigation to identify at-risk individuals and formulate physical fitness regimens for conferring optimal CV health and longevity.

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Section: Proarrhythmic Effects Of Excessive Endurance Etmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

O’Keefe

Patil

Lavie

et al. 2012

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

343

305

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Необходимо отметить, что практически все спортсмены активно используют специ-альные препараты и пищевые добавки для повышения своей физической выносливости и активности [8]. В частности, анаболические андрогенные стероиды (ААС) -это большая группа синтетических производных тестосте-рона.…”

Section: применение тестостеронаunclassified

Experimental Model of Sudden Cardiac Death Morphogenesis in Hyperandrogenaemia

Omarova¹,

Filatov²,

Мнихович³

et al. 2016

JAH

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В работе обобщены данные литературы о влиянии тестостерона и его синтетических производных на организм спортсменов. Охарактеризованы пути биосинтеза и метаболизма тестостерона, сигнальный путь тестостерона, его основные биологические эффекты. Основное внимание уделено проблемам гипо-и гиперандрогенемии, как двум крайним проявлениям отклонения от физиологического уровня тестосте-рона в крови у мужчин. В связи с этим были определены перспективы дальнейших исследований: влияние гиперандрогенемии на сердечную мыщцу у спортсменов и мужчин, использующих природные и синтети-ческие аналоги тестостерона в качестве средств повышающих физическую выносливость и активность. The paper summarizes the literature data on the effect of testosterone and its synthetic derivatives on athletes. Biosynthetic pathways and metabolism of testosterone, testosterone signaling pathway, its main biological effects have been characterized. The main attention is paid to the problems of hypo-and hyperandrogenaemia as the two extreme manifestations of deviation from the physiological level of testosterone in the blood of men. Therefore prospects for further studies were identified: hyperandrogenism influence on the heart muscle in athletes and in men who use natural or synthetic analogs of testosterone as a means of increasing physical endurance and activity.

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“…There has been considerable confusion surrounding the etiology of sudden death after extreme exertion 2–4. The focus has been on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalous coronary arteries, premature coronary artery disease, and acute myocardial ischemia; however, there is now a new understanding that repetitive and sustained cardiac exertion may actually cause a form of cardiomyopathy 5.…”

Section: Sudden Death After Extreme Exertionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inrush current simulation of two‐winding power transformer using machine parameters estimated by winding structure design procedure

Tokunaga

Kubota

2011

Electrical Engineering Japan

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Phidippides was a Greek messenger who experienced sudden death after running more than 175 miles in two days. In today's world, marathon running and other endurance sports are becoming more popular and raising concern about sudden deaths at these events. Once etiologies such has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalous coronary arteries, and coronary atherosclerosis have been excluded, there is now an additional consideration termed Phidippides cardiomyopathy. Because endurance sports call for a sustained increase in cardiac output for several hours, the heart is put into a state of volume overload. It has been shown that approximately one‐third of marathon runners experience dilation of the right atrium and ventricle, have elevations of cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptides, and in a smaller fraction later develop small patches of cardiac fibrosis that are the likely substrate for ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is emerging as the diagnostic test of choice for this condition. This review and case report summarizes the key features of this newly appreciated disorder. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Young Athletes

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

Potential Adverse Cardiovascular Effects From Excessive Endurance Exercise

Experimental Model of Sudden Cardiac Death Morphogenesis in Hyperandrogenaemia

Inrush current simulation of two‐winding power transformer using machine parameters estimated by winding structure design procedure

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