Caveats for Using Shock Tube in Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Chen, Yun; Constantini, Shlomi

doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00117

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the mechanisms of such injuries are very difficult to compare across the different models and many parameters involved (Svetlov et al, 2009). The pressure profile generated from such devices also may not match the specific profile produced by military explosives (see Chen and Constantini, 2013). Accordingly, precise RDX assemblies and their localized detonations were a key addition to the new blast paradigm, and they were shown to alter membrane permeability and induce axonal beading in PC12 cells and human neuroblastoma cells (Zander et al, 2015, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast waves from detonated military explosive reduce GluR1 and synaptophysin levels in hippocampal slice cultures

Smith

Piehler

Benjamin

et al. 2016

Experimental Neurology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Explosives create shockwaves that cause blast-induced neurotrauma, one of the most common types of traumatic brain injury (TBI) linked to military service. Blast-induced TBIs are often associated with reduced cognitive and behavioral functions due to a variety of factors. To study the direct effects of military explosive blasts on brain tissue, we removed systemic factors by utilizing rat hippocampal slice cultures. The long-term slice cultures were briefly sealed air-tight in serum-free medium, lowered into a 37 °C water-filled tank, and small 1.7-gram assemblies of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) were detonated 15 cm outside the tank, creating a distinct shockwave recorded at the culture plate position. Compared to control mock-treated groups of slices that received equal submerge time, 1–3 blast impacts caused a dose-dependent reduction in the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1. While only a small reduction was found in hippocampal slices exposed to a single RDX blast and harvested 1–2 days later, slices that received two consecutive RDX blasts 4 min apart exhibited a 26–40% reduction in GluR1, and the receptor subunit was further reduced by 64–72% after three consecutive blasts. Such loss correlated with increased levels of HDAC2, a histone deacetylase implicated in stress-induced reduction of glutamatergic transmission. No evidence of synaptic marker recovery was found at 72 h post-blast. The presynaptic marker synaptophysin was found to have similar susceptibility as GluR1 to the multiple explosive detonations. In contrast to the synaptic protein reductions, actin levels were unchanged, spectrin breakdown was not detected, and Fluoro-Jade B staining found no indication of degenerating neurons in slices exposed to three RDX blasts, suggesting that small, sub-lethal explosives are capable of producing selective alterations to synaptic integrity. Together, these results indicate that blast waves from military explosive cause signs of synaptic compromise without producing severe neurodegeneration, perhaps explaining the cognitive and behavioral changes in those blast-induced TBI sufferers that have no detectable neuropathology.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast waves from detonated military explosive reduce GluR1 and synaptophysin levels in hippocampal slice cultures

Smith

Piehler

Benjamin

et al. 2016

Experimental Neurology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As can be illustrated by using various mathematical transformations, such as the Hopf-Cole transformation, these basic forms of Burgers' equation can be reduced to the heat-and diffusion-equation, which together are another two (almost identical) results, particularly crucial in terms of further modeling other factors, such as the heat and diffusion transfer rates due to cavitation, [7], within this analysis [12]. The wave-equation may also be applicable here, especially in terms of modeling other aspects of the propagation, such as vast increases in both pressure and energy levels resulting from reflection of propagating shock-waves.…”

Section: The Burgers' and Transport Equations As Appropriate Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, shock-waves that impact the human skull at angles other than at 90 • must also be considered, as must the whole asymmetric mechanics of neurological shock-waves in a more holistic sense. It is, therefore, important to at least state the analogous equation, as illustrated by Gerber [11], which reads: R = dp dη sin (µ + λ) dp dζ sin (µ − λ) (12) where: dp dζ = cos (µ) dp ds + sin (µ) dp dn (13) and: dp dη = cos (µ) dp ds + sin (µ) dp dn (14) where p represents pressure, and µ and λ are the angles of incidence in the directions of ζ and η, respectively, for some dummy-variables, s and n. One should, therefore, adopt Equation (12), and the directional derivatives-Equations (13) and (14)-for more complex situations in which multi-directional shock-waves need to be modeled.…”

Section: Preliminary Mathematical Exposition: the Effect Of The Direcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wave-equation may also be applicable here, especially in terms of modeling other aspects of the propagation, such as vast increases in both pressure and energy levels resulting from reflection of propagating shock-waves. These reflected waves serve to often amplify the initial shock-wave, a process known in engineering and physics as superposition (which serves to equally cancel out waves), certainly a factor that has been observed during shock-tube simulations [12].…”

Section: The Burgers' and Transport Equations As Appropriate Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adoption of the Transport and Burgers' Equations in Modeling Neurological Shock-Waves in the Human Brain Due to Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

Mason¹

2018

Front. Appl. Math. Stat.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…What has received less attention is the process by which this happens and the relation between shock tube parameters and the characteristics of the resulting 'blast wave '. A remaining open question [13] is whether the pseudo blast wave that forms in the shock tube actually corresponds to the commonly accepted quasi-exponential Friedlander wave form [14,15]:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the formation of Friedlander waves in a compressed-gas-driven shock tube

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Compressed-gas-driven shock tubes have become popular as a laboratory-scale replacement for field blast tests. The well-known initial structure of the Riemann problem eventually evolves into a shock structure thought to resemble a Friedlander wave, although this remains to be demonstrated theoretically. In this paper, we develop a semianalytical model to predict the key characteristics of pseudo blast waves forming in a shock tube: location where the wave first forms, peak overpressure, decay time and impulse. The approach is based on combining the solutions of the two different types of wave interactions that arise in the shock tube after the family of rarefaction waves in the Riemann solution interacts with the closed end of the tube. The results of the analytical model are verified against numerical simulations obtained with a finite volume method. The model furnishes a rational approach to relate shock tube parameters to desired blast wave characteristics, and thus constitutes a useful tool for the design of shock tubes for blast testing.

show abstract

Caveats for Using Shock Tube in Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Research

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Blast waves from detonated military explosive reduce GluR1 and synaptophysin levels in hippocampal slice cultures

Blast waves from detonated military explosive reduce GluR1 and synaptophysin levels in hippocampal slice cultures

Adoption of the Transport and Burgers' Equations in Modeling Neurological Shock-Waves in the Human Brain Due to Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

On the formation of Friedlander waves in a compressed-gas-driven shock tube

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About