Caveolae-Mediated Extracellular Vesicle (CMEV) Signaling of Polyvalent Polysaccharide Vaccination: A Host–Pathogen Interface Hypothesis

Abstract

We published a study showing that improvement in response to splenectomy associated defective, in regards to the antibody response to Pneumovax® 23 (23-valent polysaccharides, PPSV23), can be achieved by splenocyte reinfusion. This study triggered a debate on whether and how primary and secondary immune responses occur based on humoral antibody responses to the initial vaccination and revaccination. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine sheds new light on the interpretation of our previous data. Here, we offer an opinion on the administration of the polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), which appears to be highly relevant to the primary vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its booster dose. Thus, we do not insist this is a secondary immune response but an antibody response, nonetheless, as measured through IgG titers after revaccination. However, we contend that we are not sure if these lower but present IgG levels against pneumococcal antigens are clinically protective or are equally common in all groups because of the phenomenon of “hyporesponsiveness” seen after repeated polysaccharide vaccine challenge. We review the literature and propose a new mechanism—caveolae memory extracellular vesicles (CMEVs)—by which polysaccharides mediate prolonged and sustained immune response post-vaccination. We further delineate and explain the data sets to suggest that the dual targets on both Cav-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins may block the viral entrance and neutralize viral load, which minimizes the immune reaction against viral attacks and inflammatory responses. Thus, while presenting our immunological opinion, we answer queries and responses made by readers to our original statements published in our previous work and propose a hypothesis for all vaccination strategies, i.e., caveolae-mediated extracellular vesicle-mediated vaccine memory.

Qigong Exercise Balances Oxygen Supply and Acid-Base to Modulate Hypoxia: A Perspective Platform toward Preemptive Health & Medicine

“…Many patients with anxiety disorder and depression have recovered entirely through exercise. The mechanism is still unclear, but Qigong exercise may play an important role in modifying tissue and cell metabolism by reducing oxygen consumption, promoting metabolite circulation and inflammation molecules, and increasing blood oxygen content through subcellular vesicles—exosomes [ 36 ] or Caveolae-Mediated Extracellular Vesicles [ 37 ] of signaling and inflammasome functions in different cancers [ 38 ], as well as of infectious diseases, e.g., HIV [ 39 ] and SARS-CoV-2 through the production of inflammatory cytokines [ 40 ].…”

BCR-ABL1-driven exosome-miR130b-3p-mediated gap-junction Cx43 MSC intercellular communications imply therapies of leukemic subclonal evolution

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