“…The phenomena related to cavitation include cavitation erosion, starvation, and breakdown of lubrication film in bearings, which are negative effects, but also reducing the friction coefficient and improving seal performance in seals and bearings, which are positive effects. Recently, the cavitation phenomena in the machine elements, such as journal bearing [2,3], seal [4], piston ring-cylinder liner [5,6], microtextured surface [7,8], have been studied by experimental observation and numerical simulation.…”