Cavitation damage as a result of polyfractional erosion process

Steller, Janusz

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203369

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to this, the CE of unimplanted K0c manifests in hcp → fcc phase transformation, see Figure 8 a. Generally, the influence of cavitation on solid surfaces is described as a combination of mechanical and temperature fields precisely, by the mechanical action of the collapsing cavitation bubbles and microjets [ 61 , 62 ] which have a fatigue nature [ 63 , 64 ] as well as by a high-temperature field generated during cavitation phenomenon [ 65 , 66 ]. It is claimed by the literature that elevated temperature affects the recovery process in the crystalline structure of CoCr alloy [ 67 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

et al. 2021

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From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5 × 1016 cm−2 and 1 × 1017 cm−2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the ε(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ε-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ε martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of γ phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

et al. 2021

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“…In addition to this, the CE of unimplanted K0c manifests in hcp → fcc phase transformation, see Figure 8a. On the whole, cavitation field affecting metallic surface mainly by the mechanical action of the collapsing cavitation bubbles and microjets [56,57] which has a fatigue nature [58,59]. Additionally, a high-temperature field is also generated during cavitation [60,61] and the time-temperature effect on eroded material cannot be neglected.…”

Section: Cavitation Erosion (Ce) Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Szala

Chocyk

Skic

et al. 2021

Preprint

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From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 alloy exhibits excellent cavitation erosion (CE) resistance. In this work, the effect of nitrogen ion implantation of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of CE resistance and both cobalt-rich matrix phase transformation due to nitrogen implantation and CE were stated. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5x1016 cm-2 and 1x1017 cm-2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost 10 times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that HIPed Stellite 6 nitrogen ion implantation favours transformation of the ɛ(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ɛ-rich matirx is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ɛ martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of fcc phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 losing their restrain, are debonding and removed. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, the loss of matrix phase and CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials.

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“…The efficient operation of energy and transportation systems, whose equipment operates in conditions close to extreme, requires a significant increase in the resistance of the materials used to the destructive factors acting on them, one of which is cavitation, especially when working in liquids [1,2]. The resistance of the surface of materials to fracture can be increased using one or both of two fundamentally different methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CAVITATION EROSION RESISTANCE OF VACUUM-ARC COATINGS BASED ON TiN

Klimenko,

Marinin,

Belous

et al. 2023

Problems of Atomic Science and Technology

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This review presents an examination of various studies investigating the impact of deposition process conditions and structural characteristics of TiN-based vacuum-arc coatings on their ability to withstand cavitation erosion in water. The structural and phase composition of TiN coatings is influenced by two key technological parameters: the nitrogen pressure in the vacuum chamber and the substrate bias potential. However, it has been observed that vacuum-arc alloy coatings such as TiSiN and TiAlYN exhibit notably lower resistance to cavitation erosion. Additionally, research on multilayer Ti-TiN coatings with varying numbers and thickness ratios of layers has not shown an improvement in resistance to cavitation wear when compared to single-layer coatings deposited under optimal conditions. On the other hand, single-phase stoichiometric TiN coatings deposited at a higher nitrogen pressure of 2 Pa and a bias potential of up to -300 V have demonstrated remarkable resistance to cavitation wear. These coatings could be effectively utilized to protect the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V against cavitation damage.

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Cavitation damage as a result of polyfractional erosion process

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6

CAVITATION EROSION RESISTANCE OF VACUUM-ARC COATINGS BASED ON TiN

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