“…However, several tetraspanins were recently shown to interact with intracellular signaling proteins such as Abbreviations 2D, two-dimensional; CDK4, cyclin dependent kinase 4; Co-IP, Coimmunoprecipitation; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; EGF, Epidermal growth factor; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IP, immunoprecipitation; NATsDB, Natural Antisense Transcripts Database; p-Akt, phosphorylated Akt; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases; p-GSK3b, phosphorylated GSK3b; PKB, protein kinase B; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR; Rb, retinoblastoma; TEMs, tetraspanin-enriched microdomains; TSPAN31¸tetraspanin 31; 3 0 UTR 3 0 untranslated regions. phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) and PKC [9][10][11]. Tetraspanins can associate with a variety of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins to form tetraspaninenriched microdomains (TEMs), and influence cellular signaling pathways including cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, and motility [12,13].…”