Cd4+, Cd8+, Cd3+ Cell Counts And Cd4+/cd8+ Ratio Among Patients With Mycobacterial Diseases (leprosy, Tuberculosis), Hiv Infections, And Normal Healthy Adults: A Comparative Analysis Of Studies In Different Regions Of India

Shi

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect birds and mammals, including humans, and are thus a serious threat to public health. Vaccination is vital for controlling AIV circulation. In this study, we generated a recombinant lactobacillus expressing the NP-M1-DCpep of H9N2 avian influenza virus and evaluated the activation effect of NC8-pSIP409-NP-M1-DCpep on dendritic cells (DCs) in a mouse model. The specific mucosal antibody responses and B and T cell responses in lymphoid tissues were also characterized. Importantly, we confirmed that specific CD8 T cells presented in vitro and antigen-specific cytotoxicity (activated the expression of CD107a) and in vivo antigen-specific cytotoxicity after vaccination. The adoptive transfer of NC8-pSIP409-NP-M1-DCpep-primed CD8+ T cells into NOD-SCID mice resulted in effective protection against mouse-adapted AIV infection. In addition, we observed protection in immunized mice challenged with mouse-adapted H9N2 AIV and H1N1 influenza virus, as evidenced by reductions in the lung virus titers, improvements in lung pathology, and weight loss and complete survival. Our data are promising for the generation of effective, non-traditional influenza vaccines against AIVs.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

Cross-protective efficacy of dendritic cells targeting conserved influenza virus antigen expressed by Lactobacillus plantarum

Shi

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

“…This ratio increased in those patients who had an ENL recurrence (87). An increased CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in ENL patients was reported by several subsequent studies (87–92). In acute SLE, it has been suggested that the failure of CD8 + T-cell activity could lead to increased IgG production and to the subsequent formation of ICs (93).…”

Section: What Is the Role Of T-cells In Enl?supporting

confidence: 64%

A Systematic Review of Immunological Studies of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

2017

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a painful inflammatory complication of leprosy occurring in 50% of lepromatous leprosy patients and 5–10% of borderline lepromatous patients. It is a significant cause of economic hardship, morbidity and mortality in leprosy patients. Our understanding of the causes of ENL is limited. We performed a systematic review of the published literature and critically evaluated the evidence for the role of neutrophils, immune complexes (ICs), T-cells, cytokines, and other immunological factors that could contribute to the development of ENL. Searches of the literature were performed in PubMed. Studies, independent of published date, using samples from patients with ENL were included. The search revealed more than 20,000 articles of which 146 eligible studies were included in this systematic review. The studies demonstrate that ENL may be associated with a neutrophilic infiltrate, but it is not clear whether it is an IC-mediated process or that the presence of ICs is an epiphenomenon. Increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and other pro-inflammatory cytokines support the role of this cytokine in the inflammatory phase of ENL but not necessarily the initiation. T-cell subsets appear to be important in ENL since multiple studies report an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in both skin and peripheral blood of patients with ENL. Microarray data have identified new molecules and whole pathophysiological pathways associated with ENL and provides new insights into the pathogenesis of ENL. Studies of ENL are often difficult to compare due to a lack of case definitions, treatment status, and timing of sampling as well as the use of different laboratory techniques. A standardized approach to some of these issues would be useful. ENL appears to be a complex interaction of various aspects of the immune system. Rigorous clinical descriptions of well-defined cohorts of patients and a systems biology approach using available technologies such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics could yield greater understanding of the condition.

“…The CD4/CD8 T‐cell ratio is an important marker of many human diseases most prominently human immunodeficiency virus infection, but also idiopathic aplastic anemia, leprosy, sarcoidosis, and others with an inverted ratio correlating to increased inflammation 27, 28, 29, 30. In normal fetuses, the CD4/CD4 ratio is comparable to adults, while in the cord blood of babies affected by fetal growth restriction, higher CD4/CD8 ratios have been observed 21, 31.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preeclampsia is Characterized by Fetal NK Cell Activation and a Reduction in Regulatory T Cells

Loewendorf

Nguyen

Yesayan

et al. 2015

American J Rep Immunol

ProblemPreeclampsia affects 3–17% of pregnancies worldwide and has serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus. As maternal–fetal immune tolerance is bidirectional, fetal immunopathology may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of pregnancy disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of preeclampsia on the fetal immune system is unclear.Method of studyIn this case–control study, we examined the phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells from the cord blood of 3rd trimester babies born to healthy mothers and compared them to cord blood from 3rd trimester babies born to mothers with symptomatic preeclampsia.ResultsThe ratio of CD56hi CD16− non‐activated/regulatory NK cells to CD56lo CD16+ activated/effector NK cells as well as the proportion of CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers. The percentage of FoxP3+ Treg, especially the FoxP3lo populations (resting Treg and cytokine Treg), were significantly reduced. Importantly, this reduction in FoxP3+ Treg affected the ratio of CD8+ effector T cells per FoxP3+ Treg in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers.ConclusionThese observations indicate that there are significant fetal immune system derangements during preeclampsia.