CD4 + Count: a Variable to Be Considered to Prioritize COVID-19 Vaccination in PLHIV

Mounika, Vakada Lakshmi; Kumar, Vikash; Dhingra, Swati; Ravichandiran, V.; Pandey, Krishna; Parihar, Vipan K.; Murti, Krishna

doi:10.1007/s40495-023-00312-4

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In individuals with severe COVID-19 infection, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cells was much lower, which implies that managing COVID-19 illness requires a strong response of CD4 + T-cell in the patients infected with COVID-19, the number of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cells increase with age. Still, their function shifts toward Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production rather than IFN production [133]. However, there is evidence COVID-19 can lead to significant reductions in T cell numbers, particularly in patients requiring intensive care.…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Resulting In Long Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems

Sideratou,

Papaneophytou

2023

Infectious Disease Reports

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), instigated by the zoonotic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly transformed from an outbreak in Wuhan, China, into a widespread global pandemic. A significant post-infection condition, known as ‘long- COVID-19′ (or simply ‘long- COVID’), emerges in a substantial subset of patients, manifesting with a constellation of over 200 reported symptoms that span multiple organ systems. This condition, also known as ‘post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection’ (PASC), presents a perplexing clinical picture with far-reaching implications, often persisting long after the acute phase. While initial research focused on the immediate pulmonary impact of the virus, the recognition of COVID-19 as a multiorgan disruptor has unveiled a gamut of protracted and severe health issues. This review summarizes the primary effects of long COVID on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. It also delves into the mechanisms underlying these impacts and underscores the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of long COVID’s pathogenesis.

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Section: Potential Mechanisms Resulting In Long Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems

Sideratou,

Papaneophytou

2023

Infectious Disease Reports

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“…The CD4 count of PLHIV who are hospitalized with COVID-19 is a crucial variable to consider when predicting COVID-19 outcomes. A study from the University of Missouri revealed that PLHIV with a CD4 count of 200 cells/mm³ faced an increased risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, or death (Mounika et al, 2023). Additionally, research conducted by (Shapiro et al, 2022) found an independent association between a CD4 count <350 cells/mm³, a lower nadir CD4 (<200 cells/mm³), and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio with the rate of hospitalization.…”

Section: Cd4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic and Outcomes of PLWH Hospitalized with COVID-19 Coinfection: A Literature Review Study

Darma Putra,

Rusli,

Wardhani

2023

IJRP

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Information on the characteristics and outcomes of HIV patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 coinfection was limited. This was a literature review that was conducted by searching, compiling, and analyzing various studies focusing on the characteristics and outcomes of HIV patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The findings of this study indicated that people living with HIV (PLWH) had a higher risk of hospitalization and poor outcomes. Hospitalized HIV patients with COVID-19 were more prevalent among males, the elderly, those with comorbidities, and those with low CD4 counts. Common signs and symptoms included fever, cough, dyspnea, and fatigue or myalgia. Patient outcomes could be unfavorable, especially if the patient was immunocompromised.

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Evaluation of the Effect of mRNA and Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on the Levels of Cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and Anti-RBD Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in People Living with HIV (PLHIV)

Amanah,

Ariyanto,

Bela

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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The safety of the mRNA and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has been demonstrated for people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, vaccine studies in PLHIV are limited, and there is a gap in which vaccine type provides the best response in PLHIV. Thus, PLHIV may benefit from mRNA vaccine types compared to inactivated vaccines. This study aims to assess the immune responses to vaccination by measuring specific antibodies (IgG) targeting the receptor binding sites (RBDs) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in plasma. A total of 41 PLHIV who regularly take antiretroviral therapy (ART) over a period of six months, along with 31 individuals in a healthy control group (HC), were administered either two mRNA or inactivated vaccines. Data regarding demographics and clinical information were gathered from the medical records. An analysis was conducted on the neutralisation antibody IgG specific to RBD using the chemiluminescence microparticle assay (CMIA). The levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were quantified using the Luminex assay method from plasma samples. Data were collected in the laboratory 28 days after each vaccination. After the first vaccination, the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG was higher in PLHIV who received the mRNA vaccines than those who received inactivated vaccines (p = 0.006). The levels of mRNA in the PLHIV group showed a significant correlation with IL-2 and IFN-γ after the second vaccination (r = 0.51, p = 0.0035; r = 0.68, p = 0.002). The group of PLHIV who received the inactivated vaccine showed increased IL-2 and IFN-γ after the initial vaccination, compared to PLHIV who received the mRNA vaccine (p = 0.04; p = 0.08). Administering a two-dose vaccination is essential to increase the levels of neutralising antibodies significantly (p = 0.013) in PLHIV who have received inactivated vaccines; further study is needed to make this a recommendation. The responses observed after vaccination in PLHIV were not affected by their CD4 cell counts. PLHIV showed higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and increased IL-2 and IFN-γ levels. Our study encourages SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in PLHIV regardless of its CD4 cell counts. Furthermore, the mRNA vaccine may give robust high antibody responses in PLHIV.

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CD4 + Count: a Variable to Be Considered to Prioritize COVID-19 Vaccination in PLHIV

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems

Persisting Shadows: Unraveling the Impact of Long COVID-19 on Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Nervous Systems

Characteristic and Outcomes of PLWH Hospitalized with COVID-19 Coinfection: A Literature Review Study

Evaluation of the Effect of mRNA and Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on the Levels of Cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and Anti-RBD Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in People Living with HIV (PLHIV)

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