CD4 lymphocytopenia without HIV in patient with cryptococcal infection

Jowitt, S. N.; Love, ElizabethM.; Yin, JohnA.Liu; Pumphrey, RichardS.H.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)93445-f

Cited by 21 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Defects in T-cell immunity are a strong risk factor for cryptococcal infections [ 131 ]. Fungal GXM partially inhibits leukocyte migration of many types of cells, including T-cells [ 132 ], synergizing with acquired defects in T-cell immunity by infections with HIV, treatment with chemotherapy or steroids [ 133 , 134 , 135 ] or in the presence of idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia [ 136 ]. Secreted GXM also binds the inhibitory receptor FcγIIB [ 137 ] where it leads to induction of the death receptor FasL, activating apoptosis in activated T-cells via the FasL/Fas pathway through upregulation by JNK and p38 activation [ 138 , 139 , 140 ].…”

Section: Function Follows Form: Capsule Alters Host Immune Responsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts

Park

Williamson

2015

JoF

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Pathogens reduce immune recognition of their cell surfaces using a variety of inert structural polysaccharides. For example, capsular polysaccharides play critical roles in microbial survival strategies. Capsules are widely distributed among bacterial species, but relatively rare in eukaryotic microorganisms, where they have evolved considerable complexity in structure and regulation and are exemplified by that of the HIV/AIDS-related fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Endemic fungi that affect normal hosts such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis have also evolved protective polysaccharide coverings in the form of immunologically inert α-(1,3)-glucan polysaccharides to protect their more immunogenic β-(1,3)-glucan-containing cell walls. In this review we provide a comparative update on bacterial and fungal capsular structures and immunogenic properties as well as the polysaccharide masking strategies of endemic fungal pathogens.

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