CD4 T cells remain the major source of HIV-1 during end stage disease

Ende, Marchina van der; Schutten, Martin; Raschdorff, Birgit; Großschupff, Gudrun; Rácz, Paul; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Tenner-Rácz, Klara

doi:10.1097/00002030-199906180-00002

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, using in situ hybridization, lymph node biopsiy specimens from HIV-infected persons with M. avium or P. carinii infection indicate that in addition to lymphocytes, tissue macrophages are highly productive sources of HIV-1 replication (254). Although these results differ from those of others (335), analysis of HIV-1 in plasma samples by using an immunomagnetic HIV-1 capture technique confirms that the macrophage compartment contributes significantly to the cell-free plasma HIV-1 load in patients with pulmonary TB (188). Moreover, detection of HIV-1 derived from CD14 ϩ macrophages is enhanced in pleural fluid samples obtained from HIV-infected patients with pleural TB and in plasma of HIV-infected individuals with acute P. falciparum malaria (T. Pisell, Z. Toossi, I. Hoffman, S. T. Butera, and S. D. Lawn, Abstr.…”

Section: Immune Activation and Biology Of Hiv-1 In Vivo Immune Activacontrasting

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Lawn

Butera²,

Folks³

2001

Clin Microbiol Rev

257

216

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The life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is intricately related to the activation state of the host cells supporting viral replication. Although cellular activation is essential to mount an effective host immune response to invading pathogens, paradoxically the marked systemic immune activation that accompanies HIV-1 infection in vivo may play an important role in sustaining phenomenal rates of HIV-1 replication in infected persons. Moreover, by inducing CD4+ cell loss by apoptosis, immune activation may further be central to the increased rate of CD4+ cell turnover and eventual development of CD4+ lymphocytopenia. In addition to HIV-1-induced immune activation, exogenous immune stimuli such as opportunistic infections may further impact the rate of HIV-1 replication systemically or at localized anatomical sites. Such stimuli may also lead to genotypic and phenotypic changes in the virus pool. Together, these various immunological effects on the biology of HIV-1 may potentially enhance disease progression in HIV-infected persons and may ultimately outweigh the beneficial aspects of antiviral immune responses. This may be particularly important for those living in developing countries, where there is little or no access to antiretroviral drugs and where frequent exposure to pathogenic organisms sustains a chronically heightened state of immune activation. Moreover, immune activation associated with sexually transmitted diseases, chorioamnionitis, and mastitis may have important local effects on HIV-1 replication that may increase the risk of sexual or mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The aim of this paper is to provide a broad review of the interrelationship between immune activation and the immunopathogenesis, transmission, progression, and treatment of HIV-1 infection in vivo

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Section: Immune Activation and Biology Of Hiv-1 In Vivo Immune Activacontrasting

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Lawn

Butera²,

Folks³

2001

Clin Microbiol Rev

257

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…(42), and supported by a recent report demonstrating the occurrence of HIV-1-infected CD4 Ϫ /CD8 Ϫ T cells during incomplete response to antiretroviral treatment (8), our findings suggest that HIV RNA ϩ CD4 Ϫ /CD8 Ϫ T cells may be the predominant cell type supporting ongoing HIV-1 production in peripheral blood. Given that studies of HIV-1 infection in lymphoid tissues using combinations of in situ hybridization and in situ histochemistry have reported productive infection of CD4 ϩ T cells (55,69), the role of HIV-1-infected CD4…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Peripheral Blood Predominantly Takes Place in CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Lymphocytes

Kaiser

Joos

Niederöst

et al. 2007

J Virol

108

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“…In the present study, we have also focused on CD4 ϩ T cells as the major targets for HIV infection; however, macrophages and other cells may also play a minor role (26,30). With this limitation, the method would be applicable to a variety of viral infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Impact of Vaccination on Acute Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections

Petravic

Ribeiro

Casimiro

et al. 2008

J Virol

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The dynamics of HIV infection have been studied in humans and in a variety of animal models. The standard model of infection has been used to estimate the basic reproductive ratio of the virus, calculated from the growth rate of virus in acute infection. This method has not been useful in studying the effects of vaccination, since, for the vaccines developed so far, early growth rates of virus do not differ between control and vaccinated animals. Here, we use the standard model of viral dynamics to derive the reproductive ratio from the peak viral load and nadir of target cell numbers in acute infection. We apply this method to data from studies of vaccination in SHIV and SIV infection and demonstrate that vaccination can reduce the reproductive ratio by 2.3-and 2-fold, respectively. This method allows the comparison of vaccination efficacies among different viral strains and animal models in vivo.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects approximately 0.5% of the world population and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A vaccine for HIV is urgently required, and a variety of vaccine modalities have been tested in animal models of infection. A number of these studies have shown protection in monkey models of infection, although the ability of the vaccine to protect appears to vary with the viral strain and animal model used (8). The recent failure of a large vaccine study in humans (1) suggests that further understanding of the basic dynamics of infection and the impact of vaccination are required in order to understand the variable efficacies of vaccination in different infections.The initial ability of HIV to propagate within the host is determined by the abundance of target cells (e.g., CD4ϩ T lymphocytes) the virus can infect in order to produce progeny, by the replicative capacity of the virus, and by how cytopathic it is to infected cells. At later stages of the disease, in addition to changes in the target cell availability, there may also be changes in virus-specific properties, such as the ability of the virus to reproduce and the survival of productively infected cells as a result of changes in immune pressure and viral evolution. These parameters may be variable among individuals and within one individual over time and affect the impact of vaccination. In order to compare the efficacies of vaccination strategies, we need a quantitative measure of the factors that influence virus replication.In this work, we focus on the basic reproductive ratio (R 0 ) as a measure of vaccine efficacy in the acute phase of infection. In epidemiology, R 0 measures the potential for the spread of an epidemic and is defined as the average number of people infected by one infected individual in a susceptible population. If this number is below 1, the disease will not spread in a population. Therefore, the knowledge of R 0 allows one to estimate the fraction of a population that needs to be vaccinated in order to eradicate the disease. Analogously, in hostpathogen dynamics, the basic reproductive ratio i...

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CD4 T cells remain the major source of HIV-1 during end stage disease

Abstract: In contrast with previously published data, CD4 T cells appear to remain the major source of HIV-1 production in end-stage disease.

Cited by 30 publications

References 24 publications

Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Peripheral Blood Predominantly Takes Place in CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Lymphocytes

Estimating the Impact of Vaccination on Acute Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections

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