CD73 expression on extracellular vesicles derived from CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells contributes to their regulatory function

Abstract

CD4+ CD25 Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site

Phenotypic Complexity of the Human Regulatory T Cell Compartment Revealed by Mass Cytometry

“…CD39 is an ectoenzyme (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1) that degrades ATP to AMP and is expressed on a subset of highly suppressive memory-like Tregs (19,26). In murine Tregs, CD39 is coexpressed with CD73, an ectonucleotidase, which results in the collaborative extracellular degradation of ATP to adenosine (34,41). In contrast, human Tregs can independently express CD39 and CD73 (26).…”

Human CD4+CD39+ regulatory T cells produce adenosine upon co-expression of surface CD73 or contact with CD73+ exosomes or CD73+ cells

“…Exosomes isolated from supernatants of cancer cell lines were reported to carry CD39 and CD73 and to be able to hydrolyze eATP to immunosuppressive ADO [25]. Similarly, exosomes produced by Treg carried CD39 and CD73, which contributed to suppression mediated by T reg [26]. Exosomes are thought to mediate cell-to-cell communication [27], and their involvement in the adenosine pathway emphasizes the concept of intercellular co-operation in ADO production among various cells.…”

Regulatory T Cell-Derived Exosomes: Possible Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tools in Transplantation

“…Exosomes from these cells have been shown to mediate either immune stimulation (DCs) or immune modulation (T cells) (9–14). Recently, the release of exosomes by murine CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs), following TCR activation, was shown, initially by Smyth et al (15) and later by Okoye et al (16). In addition to CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + cells, other murine T cells with regulatory capacities were found to also release exosomes following activation.…”