CDC Triffid transgenic flax

McHughen, Alan; Rowland, G. G.; Holm, F.A.; Bhatty, R. S.; Kenaschuk, E. O.

doi:10.4141/p96-188

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The first and up to now the only transgenic cultivar of linseed introduced into agricultural practice was CDC Triffid with enhanced herbicide tolerance (namely tolerance to residues of sulfonylurea herbicides in soil) (McHughen et al 1997). The gene of interest conferring resistance was a modified acetolactate synthase gene from Arabidopsis, originally cloned and described by Haughn et al (1988).…”

Section: Cdc Triffid Storymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Triffid cultivar was considered for commercial release in Canada in 1998. It was thought that Triffid would provide a broadleaf cropping option to summer fallowing or continuous cropping to flax growers (McHughen et al 1997). In 1998, Triffid received Canadian and American feed and food regulatory approvals and entered a seed multiplication program.…”

Section: Cdc Triffid Storymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was argued that this experiment rebuffed criticisms of herbicide-tolerant plants that had been made by environmentalists and by plant breeders. McHughen et al (1997) reported that there are no outstanding weaknesses of the Triffid cultivar, and the only major advantage is its ability to withstand sulfonylurea herbicide residues, so it will be of special interest to those farmers who use sulfonylurea herbicides. It was expected that CDC Triffid would provide a broadleaf cropping option to summer fallowing or continuous cropping to flax growers due to the transgene having conferred resistance to sulfonylurea herbicide residues in soil.…”

Section: What Were the Expectations?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) - expectations and reality

Ludvíková¹,

Griga²

2015

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed.

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Ludvíková M., Griga M. (2015): Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) -expectations and reality. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., This review summarizes the history, important milestones, current status and perspectives of biotech flax/ linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), supplemented with some of our original research, breeding and data on environmentalsafety. We show how recent biotechnology methods and genetic engineering contributed to the flax/linseed breeding in order to speed up the breeding process (doubled haploids technology; in vitro selection with the use of pathogenic toxins or heavy metals; genetic transformation) and for the creation of new flax/ linseed cultivars. The focus is laid on genetic engineering which represents an excellent technology to enrich the flax/linseed genepool with genes of interest, which are not naturally present in the flax/linseed genome. Different methods of flax transformation are mentioned, as well as various genes of interest that have been used for flax transformation to date aimed at improving transgenic flax properties, affecting both qualitative and quantitative traits. The fatty acid content and composition, the lignan (especially secoisolariciresinol diglucoside -SDG) content, flax fibre quality, tolerance to herbicides and resistance to diseases belong, among others, to flax traits that have already been modified by genetic engineering. Selection genes, reporter genes and also promoters that have been used for the vector construction are also summarized. This paper describes different fields of utilization of genetically modified (GM) flax with different improved properties. The history of the only so far officially registered transgenic linseed cultivar Triffid is described in detail. Finally, potential risks and benefits of flax modification are evaluated and also the prime expectations of GM flax and real current state of this technology compared. Unfortunately, the products created by this technology are under strict (albeit not scientifically-based) legislative/political control in the European Union (EU), which prevents the access of products, created by breeders using this top technology, to the EU market.

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Section: Cdc Triffid Storymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cdc Triffid Storymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Were the Expectations?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) - expectations and reality

Ludvíková¹,

Griga²

2015

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed.

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“…The presence of transgenes in flax shipments from Canada relates back to the mid-1990s introduction of the genetically modified flax 'Triffid' (McHughen et al, 1997). Canada is the world's largest producer of flax seed, generating 50% of world production, with exports accounting for 80% of the global flax trade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of low-level genetically modified (GM) seed presence in large seed lots: a case study of GM seed in Canadian flax breeder seed lots

Lamb

Booker

2011

Seed Sci. Res.

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The detection and quantification of the prevalence of genetically modified organism (GM) contamination in seed exports is a critical element of regulatory compliance. While the procedures to reliably detect high levels of GM contamination are well understood, no comparable statistical approaches are available for the quantification of levels of GM prevalence below the established detection rate of standard tests. We present a simple statistical approach based on simulation modelling for the quantification of low levels of GM contamination. The approach can be modified to match any sampling regime and can account for rates of false positive and negative assay results. The application of this method is demonstrated using the low level of contamination in Canadian flax breeder seed lots by the GM flax variety ‘Triffid’. We show that GM contamination is likely present in seed lots at rates between two GM seeds per million and six seeds per hundred thousand. We also show that this low level of presumed contamination is indistinguishable from the number of positive tests expected from a clean seed lot given the potential rates of false positive tests.

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“…Several novel traits have been expressed in flax including chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron methyl resistance (McSheffrey et al, 1992), glufosinate‐ammonium resistance (McHughen and Holm, 1995), and glyphosate resistance (Jordan and McHughen, 1988). Only one transgenic flax cultivar, CDC Triffid (McHughen et al, 1997), was released in Canada in 1998 for unconfined use in fields with persistent herbicide residues (CFIA, 2004b), but it was deregistered almost immediately at the request of the flax industry (Flax Council of Canada, 2007b). Although transgenic flax may have been a solution to significant agronomic issues such as weed control (McHughen, 1989) or disease resistance (Polyakov et al, 1998), a concern over the market's reaction to the import of genetically modified material halted all transgenic development of the crop, even for primary use in paint and flooring industries and animal feed as a co‐product.…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential Hybridization of Flax with Weedy and Wild Relatives: An Avenue for Movement of Engineered Genes?

Jhala

Hall

2008

Crop Science

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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is being evaluated as a crop platform for the production of bio‐industrial and nutraceutical products. An important consideration for the release of any novel trait is the potential for gene flow to wild or weedy relatives and the impact it may have on their populations. The potential for gene introgression from transgenic flax to wild relatives, the occurrence, the phylogeny of flax wild relatives and reported interspecific hybridization was reviewed to initiate the evaluation of environmental risk of novel flax in Canada. The genus Linum contains approximately 230 species which are distributed in many parts of the world and may grow in sympatry with cultivated flax. Interspecific hybridization and cytogenetic studies between flax and congeneric species demonstrated that cultivated flax has the ability to hybridize and form viable F1 plants with at least nine species of Linum (L. africanum, L. angustifolium, L. corymbiferum, L. decumbens, L. floccosum, L. hirsutum, L nervosum, L. pallescens, and L. tenue). Hybridization of flax with many other wild relatives has either not been studied or reported. However, based on the evidence of reported hybridization with wild or weedy relatives, gene flow from flax to wild or weedy relatives is possible in several species native to North America, depending on species distribution, sympatry, concurrent flowering, ploidy level, and sexual compatibility.

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CDC Triffid transgenic flax

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) - expectations and reality

Transgenic flax/linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) - expectations and reality

Quantification of low-level genetically modified (GM) seed presence in large seed lots: a case study of GM seed in Canadian flax breeder seed lots

Potential Hybridization of Flax with Weedy and Wild Relatives: An Avenue for Movement of Engineered Genes?

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