Ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg of poultry origin – a risk profile using the Codex framework

Abstract

Codex published the ‘Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance’ to standardise the approach for evaluating risk posed by foodborne antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. One of the first steps in the guidelines is to compile a risk profile, which provides the current state of knowledge regarding a food safety issue, describes risk management options and recommends next steps. In Canada, ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg from poultry was identified as an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) food safety issue. The first objective of this article was to contextualise this food safety issue, using the risk profile format of the Codex Guidelines. A second objective was to evaluate the applicability of the Codex Guidelines. This risk profile indicated that ceftiofur/ceftriaxone-resistant S. Heidelberg (CSH) was commonly isolated from poultry and was associated with severe disease in humans. Ceftiofur use in poultry hatcheries temporally mirrored the prevalence of CSH from poultry meat at retail and from people with salmonellosis. The evidence was sufficient to indicate the need for risk management options, such as restricting the use of ceftiofur in poultry. The Codex Guidelines provided a useful approach to summarise data for decision-makers to evaluate an AMR food safety issue.

Antimicrobial Use in Animals in Timor-Leste Based on Veterinary Antimicrobial Imports between 2016 and 2019

“…Of important concern is the import of fluroquinolones, polymyxins, and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins which are highest priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Although the combined quantity of these classes contributed to less than 8% of total imports, future import and distribution of these antimicrobials should be closely monitored because of the potential risk of the development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance from livestock to humans [ 68 , 69 ]. To address the high proportion of CIA usage in the commercial poultry sector, a jointly developed antimicrobial treatment guideline between government and industry preferencing the use of non-CIA antibiotics may be effective [ 70 ].…”

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil

“…is a challenge regarding AMR because of the frequent use of the 3rd generation cephalosporins (3GC) in salmonellosis treatment in human medicine, and because of the frequent use of ceftiofur in food animals (Neves et al, 2016;Nguyen et al, 2016). Cephalosporin use, specifically ceftiofur, the only 3GC available for animal food, is considered a major driver of selection and development of 3CG resistance in animal food (Carson et al, 2019). Microorganism resistant to ceftiofur are cross-resistant to ceftriaxone, important antimicrobial agent used to treat children with severe salmonellosis (Neves et al, 2016).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolates in Canadian Broiler Chickens and Their Products

“…Salmonella Heidelberg was the second most common serovar in our study and is one of the most common found in human salmonellosis cases in Canada (Carson et al, 2019). This serovar presented the second highest levels of resistance against b-lactams after Salmonella Kentucky, and higher levels than were observed by NARMS (FDA, 2019).…”

“…The results presented here are similar to those reported by CIPARS. The CIPARS data have been used to demonstrate that the presence of ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry meat is associated with both the use of ceftiofur in chicken hatcheries and its incidence in humans in Canada (Dutil et al , 2010 ; Carson et al , 2019 ). In 2014, the poultry industry in Canada banned preventive use of ceftiofur.…”