Background Parental health literacy plays a critical role in children's health and development. This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between parents' health literacy level and anthropometric measurements and general health status of primary school students.Methods Power analysis was performed to determine the sample size of the study and 681 children and their parents in 2 primary schools were included in the study. Data were collected using the socio-demographic data form, the student follow-up form, and the short form of the European Health Literacy Scale. The data collection forms were sent to the parents together with the students, and the anthropometric measurements of the children were carried out in an office set up in the school in which they were located. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data.Results Parental health literacy was found to be adequate. Statistically significant relationships were found between parental health literacy and factors such as educational level, marital status, general health status of children, and preferences for access to health services (p < .05).Conclusions Parents who were single, had completed high school or college, rated their general health as high, perceived their children's health as good or excellent, visited the hospital, and did not have oral and dental health problems in their children were found to have higher levels of health literacy. It is recommended to prepare information and education programs specifically for these groups.