CELEST1D: an implicit, fully kinetic model for low-frequency, electromagnetic plasma simulation

A Simplified Implicit Maxwell Solver

“…Results with the implicit moment method in one dimension, where stability is observed with v th,e t/ x = 0.5 and excellent energy conservation is observed with v th,e t/ x = 0.01 and (ω pe t) 2 = 5.25 × 10 6 N pc = 10, suggests that Eq. (27) is a sufficient limit [59].…”

“…[9,11,59]. Here we show how this formulation is changed when we solve the second-order Maxwell system (8) for the electric field E, in the form given by Eqs.…”

“…The numerical method employed by the implicit PIC code CELESTE3D requires J n+1/2 to be split as [59] …”

“…In Ref. [59], a direct solution in 1D is performed using Gaussian elimination. Only the last method works for arbitrary values of t.…”

“…These boundary conditions take an especially simple form for perfectly conducting and magnetic flux surfaces. Next, we describe the numerical implementation of consistent boundary conditions in CELESTE3D, a particle-in-cell (PIC) code based on the implicitmoment plasma simulation method [9,59]. Finally, we present the results of calculations for electromagnetic wave propagation in vacuo and for the geospace environment modeling (GEM) magnetic reconnection challenge [7].…”