Cell-based mechanisms and strategies of co-culture system both in vivo and vitro for bone tissue engineering

Exploring calcium-free alternatives in endochondral bone repair tested on In vivo trials - A review

“…Critical-size bone defects resulting from trauma, congenital disorders, and tissue resection require more than two million bone grafts annually [ 1 ]. These defects exceed the self-healing capacity of natural bone and can significantly affect a patient's appearance and musculoskeletal function [ 2 ]. Autogenous bone grafting is the clinical “gold standard” due to its exceptional immunocompatibility and inherent osteoinductive, osteoconductive, and osteogenic properties.…”