Cell Biological Studies of Learning in Simple Vertebrate and Invertebrate Systems

Hawkins, Robert D.; Clark, Gregory A.; Kandel, Eric R.

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010502

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 366 publications

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“…In contrast, the mechanisms underlying sensitization in 2 other response systems in Aplysia have been extremely well analyzed. These are the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex Kandel, 1978, 1980;Siegelbaum et al, 1982; for review, see Carew, 1987;Hawkins et al, 1987), and the tail withdrawal reflex (Walters et al, 1983a, b;Ocorr et al, 1985; for review, see Byrne, 1985). Since sensitization emerges at the same stage of development in the gill withdrawal reflex and the escape locomotion system, it will be of particular interest to examine the emergence of sensitization in the tail withdrawal reflex.…”

Section: Toward a Cellular Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of sensitization in the escape locomotion system in Aplysia

Stopfer

Carew

1988

J. Neurosci.

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The development of several forms of nonassociative learning (habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization) has previously been examined in the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex of Aplysia. In the present study we analyzed the development of one of these forms of learning, sensitization, in a different response system in Aplysia, escape locomotion. A broad range of juvenile stages was examined: stages 10, 11, early 12, late 12, and 13 (early adult). We found that sensitization was completely absent in early developmental stages, not appearing until late stage 12. This stage of development is particularly interesting because it is at this same point that (1) sensitization first appears in the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex (Rankin and Carew, 1987), and (2) the cellular analog of sensitization first emerges in the CNS (the abdominal ganglion) of juvenile Aplysia (Nolen and Carew, 1987). The fact that sensitization emerges synchronously in the escape locomotion system and the gill withdrawal system is striking because the 2 response systems differ markedly in their intrinsic developmental timetables, response topography, and underlying neural circuitry. Thus, the emergence of sensitization in both systems at the same late stage of juvenile development suggests the possibility that a single, unified process during development may be responsible for the simultaneous expression of sensitization.

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Section: Toward a Cellular Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of sensitization in the escape locomotion system in Aplysia

Stopfer

Carew

1988

J. Neurosci.

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“…This review will focus primarily on progress in understanding nonassociative learning in the marine mollusk Aplysia, but many other invertebrates have proven to be valuable model systems for the cellular and molecular analysis of learning and memory (for reviews, see Byrne 1987;Hawkins et al 1987). Several of these model systems are described within.…”

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Nonassociative Learning in Invertebrates

Byrne¹,

Hawkins

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

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The simplicity and tractability of the neural circuits mediating behaviors in invertebrates have facilitated the cellular/molecular dissection of neural mechanisms underlying learning. The review has a particular focus on the general principles that have emerged from analyses of an example of nonassociative learning, sensitization in the marine mollusk Aplysia. Learning and memory rely on multiple mechanisms of plasticity at multiple sites of the neuronal circuits, with the relative contribution to memory of the different sites varying as a function of the extent of training and time after training. The same intracellular signaling cascades that induce short-term modifications in synaptic transmission can also be used to induce longterm changes. Although short-term memory relies on covalent modifications of preexisting proteins, long-term memory also requires regulated gene transcription and translation. Maintenance of long-term cellular memory involves both intracellular and extracellular feedback loops, which sustain the regulation of gene expression and the modification of targeted molecules.

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“…Elucidating the temporal dynamics of different phases of memory has helped to focus subsequent experimental efforts on specific time points when further analysis might reveal mechanistic differences in memory processing. By taking this type of analysis to the next step by examining different temporal phases of memory at a mechanistic level, it has become possible to begin to specify some of the critical cellular and molecular steps involved in different forms of memory processing in diverse species (for review, see Byrne, 1987;Hawkins et al, 1987;Squire, 1987;Dudai, 1989). One preparation that has been particularly useful for this type of analysis is the marine mollusc Aplysia, which displays several forms of associative and nonassociative memory that endure on time scales lasting from minutes to weeks (Carew and Sahley, 1986;Byrne, 1987;Hawkins et al, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Induction and Expression of Long-Term Synaptic Facilitation inAplysia

1996

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Serotonin (5HT)-induced short-term facilitation and long-term facilitation (STF and LTF) of the monosynaptic connection between tail sensory neurons (SNs) and motor neurons (MNs) in Aplysia have been useful in delineating possible cellular mechanisms contributing to short-term and long-term memory. Previous work from our laboratory showed that LTF can be produced in the absence of STF, suggesting that these processes may be functionally independent. In the present study, we explored this hypothesis by examining the temporal relationship between STF and LTF. We recorded intracellularly from pairs of monosynaptically connected SNs and MNs in isolated pleural-pedal ganglia. In the first experimental series, we followed the time course of LTF across a 24 hr period after its induction by five applications of 10 M 5HT. STF completely decayed to baseline several hours before the expression of LTF. This biphasic expression profile of STF and LTF further supports the hypothesis that LTF is not a simple elaboration of STF. In the second experimental series, we monitored the immediate expression of facilitation during and after different numbers of 5HT applications. We identified a rapidly decaying STF (lasting 15-30 min) after one to four pulses of 50 M 5HT and a unique, prolonged intermediate-term facilitation (ITF; lasting up to 90 min) after five pulses of 50 M 5HT. These results raise the possibility that STF, ITF, and LTF may reflect components of different memory phases in the intact animal.

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Cell Biological Studies of Learning in Simple Vertebrate and Invertebrate Systems

Cited by 35 publications

References 366 publications

Development of sensitization in the escape locomotion system in Aplysia

Development of sensitization in the escape locomotion system in Aplysia

Nonassociative Learning in Invertebrates

Dynamics of Induction and Expression of Long-Term Synaptic Facilitation inAplysia

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