Cell Biology of the Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

Benchimol, Marlene; Gadelha, Ana Paula Rocha; Souza, Wanderley de

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80682-8_11

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…The pelta apparently supports the periflagellar canal from which the flagella emerge in the trichomonads (Benchimol et al ., 2000 ). The costa is found only in trichomonads which possess an undulating membrane and it is assumed that its function is to provide mechanical support to the undulating membrane (Benchimol, 2010 ). Although the costa and pelta structure are visible in D. fragilis , no external flagella, undulating membrane or axonemes are seen in the peritrophic space.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis and the cyst life cycle stage

Hall,

Munasinghe,

Vella

et al. 2024

Parasitology

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Little is known about the life cycle and mode of transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis. Recently it was suggested that fecal–oral transmission of cysts may play a role in the transmission of D. fragilis. In order to establish an infection, D. fragilis is required to remain viable when exposed to the pH of the stomach. In this study, we investigated the ability of cultured trophozoites to withstand the extremes of pH. We provide evidence that trophozoites of D. fragilis are vulnerable to highly acidic conditions. We also investigated further the ultrastructure of D. fragilis cysts obtained from mice and rats by transmission electron microscopy. These studies of cysts showed a clear cyst wall surrounding an encysted parasite. The cyst wall was double layered with an outer fibrillar layer and an inner layer enclosing the parasite. Hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were present in the cysts. Pelta-axostyle structures, costa and axonemes were identifiable and internal flagellar axonemes were present. This study therefore provides additional novel details and knowledge of the ultrastructure of the cyst stage of D. fragilis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis and the cyst life cycle stage

Hall,

Munasinghe,

Vella

et al. 2024

Parasitology

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“…The trophozoite displays two nuclei (N), peripheral vesicles (PVs), a ventral disc (D), median body (MB), funis (Fu), and four flagella pairs. Reproduced from [ 6 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural Alterations of the Human Pathogen Giardia intestinalis after Drug Treatment

2023

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This review presents the main cell characteristics altered after in vitro incubation of the parasite with commercial drugs used to treat the disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. This important intestinal parasite primarily causes diarrhea in children. Metronidazole and albendazole are the primary compounds used in therapy against Giardia intestinalis. However, they provoke significant side effects, and some strains have developed resistance to metronidazole. Benzimidazole carbamates, such as albendazole and mebendazole, have shown the best activity against Giardia. Despite their in vitro efficacy, clinical treatment with benzimidazoles has yielded conflicting results, demonstrating lower cure rates. Recently, nitazoxanide has been suggested as an alternative to these drugs. Therefore, to enhance the quality of chemotherapy against this parasite, it is important to invest in developing other compounds that can interfere with key steps of metabolic pathways or cell structures and organelles. For example, Giardia exhibits a unique cell structure called the ventral disc, which is crucial for host adhesion and pathogenicity. Thus, drugs that can disrupt the adhesion process hold promise for future therapy against Giardia. Additionally, this review discusses new drugs and strategies that can be employed, as well as suggestions for developing novel drugs to control the infection caused by this parasite.

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Cell Biology of the Life Cycle of Giardia intestinalis

Cited by 2 publications

References 239 publications

Observations on the transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis and the cyst life cycle stage

Observations on the transmission of Dientamoeba fragilis and the cyst life cycle stage

Ultrastructural Alterations of the Human Pathogen Giardia intestinalis after Drug Treatment

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