Cell class-specific electric field entrainment of neural activity

Lee, Soo Yeun; Baftizadeh, Fahimeh; Campagnola, Luke; Jarsky, Tim; Koch, Christof; Anastassiou, Costas A.

doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.528526

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The negative slopes at the higher frequencies of the PLV curves also need an explanation. An excellent study by Lee et al demonstrated, with intracellular recordings of the transmembrane voltage in cortical cells, that the passive membrane parameters do not filter the extracellular AC fields at subthreshold membrane voltages (Lee et al, 2023). Thus, the decline in the PLV plots above 100 Hz (Figure 8) should not be because of passive filtering of high frequencies by the cell membrane at the PC level.…”

Section: Frequency Tuningmentioning

confidence: 94%

Transsynaptic entrainment of cerebellar nuclear cells by alternating currents in a frequency dependent manner

Kang,

Lang,

Sahin

2023

Front. Neurosci.

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Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that is being tested clinically for treatment of a variety of neural disorders. Animal studies investigating the underlying mechanisms of tACS are scarce, and nearly absent in the cerebellum. In the present study, we applied 10–400 Hz alternating currents (AC) to the cerebellar cortex in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats. The spiking activity of cerebellar nuclear (CN) cells was transsynaptically entrained to the frequency of AC stimulation in an intensity and frequency-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was a tuning curve for modulation where the frequencies in the midrange (100 and 150 Hz) were more effective, although the stimulation frequency for maximum modulation differed for each CN cell with slight dependence on the stimulation amplitude. CN spikes were entrained with latencies of a few milliseconds with respect to the AC stimulation cycle. These short latencies and that the transsynaptic modulation of the CN cells can occur at such high frequencies strongly suggests that PC simple spike synchrony at millisecond time scales is the underlying mechanism for CN cell entrainment. These results show that subthreshold AC stimulation can induce such PC spike synchrony without resorting to supra-threshold pulse stimulation for precise timing. Transsynaptic entrainment of deep CN cells via cortical stimulation could help keep stimulation currents within safety limits in tACS applications, allowing development of tACS as an alternative treatment to deep cerebellar stimulation. Our results also provide a possible explanation for human trials of cerebellar stimulation where the functional impacts of tACS were frequency dependent.

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Section: Frequency Tuningmentioning

confidence: 94%

Transsynaptic entrainment of cerebellar nuclear cells by alternating currents in a frequency dependent manner

Kang,

Lang,

Sahin

2023

Front. Neurosci.

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“…This kind of ephaptic coupling has been proposed as a global control mechanism that can help coordinate neuronal activity (Pinotsis et al, 2023;van Bree et al, 2024). Oscillations of electrical potential are thought to play a similar role, enabling selective communication across brain areas, allowing multiplexed signal transmission, and entraining the timing of neural firings with perceptual or behavioral variables of interest (Buzsaki, 2006;Lee et al 2024;van Bree et al, 2024).…”

Section: Constraints As Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond mechanism – extending our concepts of causation in neuroscience

Mitchell,

Potter

2024

Preprint

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In neuroscience, the search for the causes of behavior is often just taken to be the search for neural mechanisms. This view typically involves three forms of causal reduction: first, from the ontological level of cognitive processes to that of neural mechanisms; second, from the activity of the whole brain to that of isolated parts; and third, from a consideration of temporally extended, historical processes to a focus on synchronic states. While modern neuroscience has made impressive progress in identifying synchronic neural mechanisms, providing unprecedented real-time control of behavior, we contend that this does not amount to a full causal explanation. In particular, there is an attendant danger of eliminating the cognitive from our explanatory framework, and even eliminating the organism itself. To fully understand the causes of behavior, we need to understand not just what happens when different neurons are activated, but why those things happen. In this paper, we introduce a range of well developed, non-reductive, and temporally extended notions of causality from philosophy, which neuroscientists may be able to draw on in order to build a more complete casual explanation of behavior. These include concepts of criterial causation, triggering versus structuring causes, constraints, macroscopic causation, historicity, and semantic causation – all of which, we argue, can be used to undergird a naturalistic understanding of mental causation and agent causation. These concepts can, collectively, help bring cognition and the organism itself back into the picture, as a causal agent unto itself, while still grounding causation in respectable scientific terms.

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“…Nevertheless, neuronal morphology and biophysics are substantially different between cortical cell types within the same species [19,20]. Several works [21,22] have considered some cortical neurons with distinct cell classes and quantify their somatic polarization during weak oscillating EF stimulation with a fixed frequency to understand the field entrainment of spiking activity. Although growing studies have investigated the membrane polarization by tACS, how the frequency-dependent polarization varies between neocortical neurons and their subcellular categories is still not fully understand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-dependent membrane polarization across neocortical cell types and subcellular elements by transcranial alternating current stimulation

Huang,

Wei,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Neural Eng.

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Objective. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that directly interacts with ongoing brain oscillations in a frequency-dependent manner. However, it remains largely unclear how the cellular effects of tACS vary between cell types and subcellular elements. Approach. In this study, we use a set of morphologically realistic models of neocortical neurons to simulate the cellular response to uniform oscillating electric fields (EFs). We systematically characterize the membrane polarization in the soma, axons, and dendrites with varying field directions, intensities, and frequencies. Main results. Pyramidal cells are more sensitive to axial EF that is roughly parallel to the cortical column, while interneurons are sensitive to axial EF and transverse EF that is tangent to the cortical surface. Membrane polarization in each subcellular element increases linearly with EF intensity, and its slope, i.e., polarization length, highly depends on the stimulation frequency. At each frequency, pyramidal cells are more polarized than interneurons. Axons usually experience the highest polarization, followed by the dendrites and soma. Moreover, a visible frequency resonance presents in the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, while the other subcellular elements primarily exhibit low-pass filtering properties. In contrast, each subcellular element of interneurons exhibits complex frequency-dependent polarization. Polarization phase in each subcellular element of cortical neurons lags that of field and exhibits high-pass filtering properties. These results demonstrate that the membrane polarization is not only frequency-dependent, but also cell type- and subcellular element-specific. Through relating effective length and ion mechanism with polarization, we emphasize the crucial role of cell morphology and biophysics in determining the frequency-dependent membrane polarization. Significance. Our findings highlight the diverse polarization patterns across cell types as well as subcellular elements, which provide some insights into the tACS cellular effects and should be considered when understanding the neural spiking activity by tACS.

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Cell class-specific electric field entrainment of neural activity

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

Transsynaptic entrainment of cerebellar nuclear cells by alternating currents in a frequency dependent manner

Transsynaptic entrainment of cerebellar nuclear cells by alternating currents in a frequency dependent manner

Beyond mechanism – extending our concepts of causation in neuroscience

Frequency-dependent membrane polarization across neocortical cell types and subcellular elements by transcranial alternating current stimulation

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