Cell Culture Bioreactors

Sambanis, Athanassios; Hu, Wei‐Shou

doi:10.1002/9783527620845.ch6

“…Most of those who have criticised the economic dimensions of liberal peacebuilding (including this author) have called for less aggressive adjustment strategies in order to reduce the destabilising effects of rapid marketisation, but have not rejected the idea of economic liberalisation itself -in part because economic growth is important to the long-term success of peacebuilding. 113 Although there is no guarantee that states pursuing market-oriented development policies will become richer, there is a near guarantee that those pursuing non-market-oriented strategies will stay poor.…”

Section: Is There An Alternative To Liberal Peacebuilding?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Saving liberal peacebuilding

Paris¹

2010

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Liberal peacebuilding has become the target of considerable criticism. Although much of this criticism is warranted, a number of scholars and commentators have come to the opinion that liberal peacebuilding is either fundamentally destructive, or illegitimate, or both. On close analysis, however, many of these critiques appear to be exaggerated or misdirected. At a time when the future of peacebuilding is uncertain, it is important to distinguish between justified and unjustified criticisms, and to promote a more balanced debate on the meaning, shortcomings and prospects of liberal peacebuilding.

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Process Development of Protein Therapeutics

Thomas

¹

,

Guhan

²

,

Pettit

³

2010

Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

1

0

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The application of recombinant DNA technology to the production of protein therapeutics has undergone considerable progress since first introduced 30 years ago. Considerable scientific effort has been devoted to developing robust processes that produce large amounts of complex proteins with the desired product quality attributes. An overview of the contributions from the four major disciplines working in concert to deliver these processes and methods will be covered. This chapter will discuss some of the tools, methods, and approaches used to produce, purify, formulate, and analyze the drugs of modern biotechnology. Future trends in each of the disciplines will also be presented.

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Biochemical Engineering

Krahe

¹

2003

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Requirements 2.1. Microorganisms: Growth and Bioreaction 2.1.1. Biomass Concentration ‐ Cell Density 2.1.2. Unstructured Model of Growth 2.1.2.1. Monod Model 2.1.2.2. Inhibition Kinetics 2.1.2.3. Nutrient Uptake Rate 2.1.3. Aerobic Bioreactions 2.1.3.1. Stoichiometry of an Aerobic Growth without Product Formation 2.1.3.2. Oxygen Uptake Rate ( OUR ) 2.1.3.3. Generated Heat 2.2. Sterility 2.2.1. Thermal Microbial Death Rates 2.2.2. Steam Sterilization Processes 2.2.2.1. Sterilization in the Autoclave 2.2.2.2. “Full” Sterilization In Place (SIP) 2.2.2.3. “Empty” Sterilization In Place (SIP) 2.2.2.4. Continuous Water/Steam Sterilization 2.2.3. Sterile Filtration 2.2.4. Incinerators 2.3. Cleaning 2.3.1. Manual Cleaning 2.3.2. Cleaning in Place (CIP) 2.4. Homogenous Conditions due to Mixing 2.4.1. Mechanical Mixing 2.4.1.1. Stirred Tank Reactors ‐ Energy Dissipation 2.4.1.2. Vibromixer 2.4.1.3. Hydraulic Mixing 2.4.2. Pneumatic Mixing 2.5. Gas ‐ Liquid Mass Transfer 2.5.1. Solubility of Oxygen and Other Gases 2.5.2. Oxygen Transfer Rate for Stirred Tank Reactors 2.5.2.1. Liquid Mass‐Transfer Coefficient k L 2.5.2.2. Specific Interfacial Area a 2.5.3. Aeration of Stirred Tank Reactors 2.5.3.1. Gas Hold‐up and Foaming in Stirred Reactors 2.5.3.2. Volumetric Mass‐Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Reactors 2.5.4. Volumetric Mass‐Transfer Coefficient in Airlift Reactors 2.6. Measurement and Control Loops 2.6.1. Temperature Measurement and Control 2.6.2. Agitation Control 2.6.3. pH Measurement and Control 2.6.4. Measurement and Control of Dissolved Oxygen 2.6.5. Measurement and Control of the Volume or the Level 2.6.6. Measurement and Control of Gas‐Flow Rate 2.6.7. Measurement and Control of Liquid Flows 2.6.8. Other Measurement Systems 2.7. Containment 3. Processes and Related Equipment 3.1. Media Preparation and Sterilization 3.1.1. Media Preparation Techniques 3.1.2. General Procedure of a “Full” SIP 3.1.3. General Procedure of an “Empty” SIP 3.2. Inoculation 3.3. Batch Cultivation 3.4. Fed‐Batch Cultivation 3.5. Continuous Cultivation 3.6. Continuous Cultivation with Cell Retention 3.6.1. Filtration Systems for Suspended Organisms 3.6.1.1. Cross‐Flow Filtration 3.6.1.2. Rotor Filter 3.6.2. Immobilized Organisms 3.6.2.1. Pellets, Porous Matrices, or Beads 3.6.2.2. Fluidized‐Bed Reactors 3.6.2.3. Fixed‐Bed Reactors 3.7. Dialysis Cultivation 3.8. Selection of Equipment Related to Specific Processes or Products 4. Materials 4.1. Austenitic Steel 4.1.1. Different Alloys of Austenitic Steels 4.1.2. Welding 4.1.3. Surfaces of Austenitic Steels 4.1.3.1. Definition and Measurement of Surface Roughness 4.1.3.2. Mechanical Surface Treatment 4.1.3.3. Chemical Surface Treatment 4.1.3.4. Electrochemical Surface Treatment 4.1.4. Storage and General Working Rules 4.2. Polymers 4.3. Other Materials 4.3.1. Glass 4.3.2. Grease and Lubricants 5. System Components and Detailed Engineering 5.1. The Vessel 5.1.1. Components Mounted or Welded on the Vessel 5.1.1.1. Seals 5.1.1.2. Ports 5.1.1.3. Viewing Glasses 5.1.1.4. Manways 5.1.1.5. Heating/Cooling Jackets 5.1.1.6. Heating/Cooling Coils 5.1.1.7. Pressure Relief and Safety Devices 5.1.2. Standard Stirred Tank Reactor 5.1.3.

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Cell Culture Bioreactors

Cited by 5 publications

References 84 publications

Saving liberal peacebuilding

Saving liberal peacebuilding

Process Development of Protein Therapeutics

Biochemical Engineering

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