Cell cycle related long non-coding RNAs as the critical regulators of breast cancer progression and metastasis

Abstract

Cell cycle is one of the main cellular mechanisms involved in tumor progression. Almost all of the active molecular pathways in tumor cells directly or indirectly target the cell cycle progression. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the molecular mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation in tumor cells. Since, early diagnosis has pivotal role in better cancer management and treatment, it is required to introduce the non-invasive diagnostic markers. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have higher stability in body fluids in comparison with mRNAs. Therefore, they can be used as efficient non-invasive markers for the early detection of breast cancer (BCa). In the present review we have summarized all of the reported lncRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation in BCa. It has been reported that lncRNAs mainly affect the cell cycle in G1/S transition through the CCND1/CDK4-6 complex. Present review paves the way of introducing the cell cycle related lncRNAs as efficient markers for the early detection of BCa.

Construction of a prognostic model based on memory CD4+ T cell–associated genes for lung adenocarcinoma and its applications in immunotherapy

“…The significant enrichment of memory CD4+ T cell–related genes in signaling pathways such as cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, and glutathione metabolism in LUAD is noteworthy. The cell cycle is a crucial cellular mechanism involved in tumor progression 32 . Altered cell cycle genes have been documented not only as initiators of the conversion of normal cells but also as facilitators of cell proliferation, thus significantly contributing to the advancement of tumor growth 33,34 .…”

Are non‐protein coding RNAs junk or treasure?

“…It has been noted that fewer than 1000 lncRNAs are present at greater than one copy per cell in the typical human tissue culture cell line, suggesting that the vast majority of ncRNAs is too low in expression to be functional. However, this argument ignores the fact that RNA transcription is highly cell cycle and stress dependent, [ 56 ] opening the possibility that many lncRNAs may function primarily in single cells at critical junctures. Classic cell culture and tissue analyses, wherein millions of cells are combined to yield enough material for RNA sequencing, average out any outlier cells, and typically do not probe the vast number of stresses that cells may encounter in the human body.…”

CanLncG4: A database curated for the assessment of G4s in the lncRNAs dysregulated in various human cancers

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16] The dysregulation of lncRNA disrupts cellular homeostasis and contributes to several aspects of carcinogenesis, such as cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, altered cell metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and treatment resistance. [17][18][19][20][21][22] The tissue-specific expression of lncRNAs, coupled with their detectability in bodily fluids, positions them as promising candidates for cancer biomarkers. 23,24 Our understanding of lncRNAs in the context of cancer remains nascent compared to other RNA counterparts such as miRNAs.…”